Socioeconomic inequalities in 29 childhood diseases: evidence from a 1,500,000 children population retrospective study

Abstract Background Socioeconomic position (SEP) powerfully affects health status in the childhood population. However, the knowledge of which diseases are more affected by SEP and whose outcomes could be improved by having a more equitable society remains uncertain on a population basis. Methods We measured socioeconomic and gender inequalities in the pre-COVID-19 era for 29 diseases in the entire childhood population in Catalonia to identify which diseases are most impacted by inequalities. This population-based study included 1,449,816 children under 15 years old from 2014 to 2017 (48.52% girls) and each of their registered diagnoses within the Catalonia National Health System. We calculated frequency measures by SEP and their sex ratios for each disease. We estimated four regression-based inequality measures: slope index of inequality, relative index of inequality (RII), absolute population-attributable fraction, and population-attributable fraction. Results Twenty-five of the 29 diseases examined showed SEP inequalities. The diseases with the greatest inequalities in both sexes were tuberculosis, obesity, adjustment and anxiety disorders, essential hypertension, poisoning, short gestation, low birth weight, foetal growth retardation and intrauterine hypoxia and birth asphyxia and trauma (RII ≥ 2.0); only food allergy showed the opposite pattern (RII < 1.0). Overall, 80,188 (7.80%) of the disease events in boys and 74,921 (8.88%) in girls would be avoided if all children had the same disease rate as those in the medium-high SEP group, with tuberculosis, intrauterine hypoxia and birth asphyxia and trauma, obesity, and short gestation, low birth weight, foetal growth retardation being those that could be reduced the most in relative terms, and dermatitis, injuries, acute bronquitis, and being overweight those that could be reduced the most in absolute terms. Girls present higher RII than boys for respiratory allergy, asthma, dermatitis, being overweight, and obesity (p < 0.05). In contrast, boys showed higher RII compared to girls only in congenital anomalies (p < 0.05). Conclusions Socioeconomic and gender inequalities are widely present in childhood health. This indicates that SEP plays a common role in their development although it varies in magnitude according to each disease. It is also a phenomenon that comprises all SEP groups in society. Action needs to be taken to ensure a fairer start in life in terms of health.

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Population attributable fraction of smoking to low birth weight in Japan

Pediatrics International ◽

10.1111/j.1442-200x.2004.01881.x ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 46 (3) ◽

pp. 264-267 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Toshiyuki Ojima ◽

Ritei Uehara ◽

Makoto Watanabe ◽

Morihiro Tajimi ◽

Izumi Oki ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Birth Weight ◽

Low Birth Weight ◽

Population Attributable Fraction ◽

Attributable Fraction

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Postnatal Acetaminophen and Potential Risk of Autism Spectrum Disorder among Males

Behavioral Sciences ◽

10.3390/bs10010026 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 26

Author(s):

Seth S. Bittker ◽

Kathleen R. Bell

Keyword(s):

Autism Spectrum Disorder ◽

Population Attributable Fraction ◽

Autism Spectrum ◽

Attributable Fraction ◽

Spectrum Disorder ◽

Data Set ◽

Increased Risk ◽

The Us ◽

And Gender ◽

Gender Specific

Some evidence from the literature suggests that postnatal acetaminophen exposure may be associated with increased risk of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Using a data set obtained from a previous study that was derived from an Internet-based survey among parents on 1515 children from the US, an adjusted odds ratio (aOR) and gender-specific aORs for doses of postnatal acetaminophen provided before age two were calculated against the outcome of ASD. Separately, parental uncertainty on the number of doses of acetaminophen provided was analyzed. A population attributable fraction (PAF) associated with postnatal acetaminophen exposure before age two for ASD among males was also estimated. Postnatal acetaminophen exposure, measured in doses before age two, was found to be associated with ASD among male children (aOR 1.023, CI 1.005–1.043, p = 0.020*), and parental uncertainty on the number of doses of acetaminophen provided before age two was also found to be associated with ASD. Using this data set, the PAF associated with postnatal acetaminophen was estimated to be about 40% of the risk of ASD among male children in the US. These results suggest the possibility that postnatal acetaminophen may be a significant contributor to the risk of ASD among males in the US.

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The impact of delayed maternity on foetal growth in Spain: An assessment by population attributable fraction

Women and Birth ◽

10.1016/j.wombi.2017.09.004 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 31 (3) ◽

pp. e190-e196 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Carlos Varea ◽

José Manuel Terán ◽

Cristina Bernis ◽

Barry Bogin

Keyword(s):

Population Attributable Fraction ◽

Attributable Fraction ◽

Foetal Growth ◽

The Impact

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Morbidity Due to Obesity, Hypertension and Diabetes II Attributable to Non-Breastfeeding and Low Birth Weight during the 1000 Days of Life: Estimation of the Population Attributable Fraction

Health ◽

10.4236/health.2016.85041 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 08 (05) ◽

pp. 386-401

Author(s):

Andrea Ramírez ◽

Oscar Bernal ◽

Jesús Rodríguez ◽

José David Pinzón

Keyword(s):

Birth Weight ◽

Low Birth Weight ◽

Population Attributable Fraction ◽

Attributable Fraction ◽

Life Estimation ◽

Obesity Hypertension

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Dispossession without Development

10.1093/oso/9780190859152.001.0001 ◽

2018 ◽

Cited By ~ 46

Author(s):

Michael Levien

Keyword(s):

Real Estate ◽

Sociological Theory ◽

Gender Inequalities ◽

State Governments ◽

Economic Policies ◽

Land Conflicts ◽

Land Dispossession ◽

Extended Case Method ◽

Indian State ◽

And Gender

Since the mid-2000s, India has been beset by widespread farmer protests against “land grabs.” Dispossession without Development argues that beneath these conflicts lay a profound transformation in the political economy of land dispossession. While the Indian state dispossessed land for public-sector industry and infrastructure for much of the 20th century, the adoption of neoliberal economic policies since the early 1990s prompted India’s state governments to become land brokers for private real estate capital—most controversially, for Special Economic Zones (SEZs). Using long-term ethnographic research, the book demonstrates the consequences of this new regime of dispossession for a village in Rajasthan. Taking us into the diverse lives of villagers dispossessed for one of North India’s largest SEZs, it shows how the SEZ destroyed their agricultural livelihoods, marginalized their labor, and excluded them from “world-class” infrastructure—but absorbed them into a dramatic real estate boom. Real estate speculation generated a class of rural neo-rentiers, but excluded many and compounded pre-existing class, caste, and gender inequalities. While the SEZ disappointed most villagers’ expectations of “development,” land speculation fractured the village and disabled collective action. The case of “Rajpura” helps to illuminate the exclusionary trajectory of capitalism that underlay land conflicts in contemporary India—and explain why the Indian state is struggling to pacify farmers with real estate payouts. Using the extended case method, Dispossession without Development advances a sociological theory of dispossession that has relevance beyond India.

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Prevalence and predictors of adverse outcomes in neonatal seizures

Journal of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine ◽

10.3233/npm-200499 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-7

Author(s):

K. Famra ◽

P. Barta ◽

A. Aggarwal ◽

B.D. Banerjee

Keyword(s):

Birth Weight ◽

Low Birth Weight ◽

Very Low Birth Weight ◽

Birth Asphyxia ◽

Adverse Outcomes ◽

Neonatal Seizures ◽

Clinical Practices ◽

Inborn Errors ◽

Mortality And Morbidity ◽

Low Birth Weight Babies

OBJECTIVES: Neonatal seizures are significant cause of neonatal mortality and morbidity. Current study was planned to study prevalence of adverse outcomes in neonatal seizures and identify its predictors. METHODS: This observational descriptive study was carried out on 220 neonates with seizures. Neonates who succumbed to illness/ death before investigations, or whose maternal records were incomplete were excluded. Blood sugar, serum calcium, serum electrolytes, and USG skull were done in all patients. CT scan, MRI and inborn errors of metabolism profile were done as and when indicated. Adverse outcomes were defined as death, phenobarbitone non responders, or abnormal examination at discharge. Antenatal, perinatal and neonatal predictors of adverse outcomes in neonatal seizures were evaluated. RESULTS: Out of 220 neonates with seizures 76(34.5%) had adverse outcomes. Very low birth weight babies (≤1500 gm) [OR 1.27(CI 0.57–2.84)], microcephaly [OR 5.93 (CI 0.55–64.41)], Apgar score≤3 at 5 minutes [OR 11.28(CI 14.18–30.45)], seizure onset within 24 hours [OR 5.99(CI 12.43–14.78)], meningitis [OR 2.63(CI 0.08–6.39)], septicemia [OR1.22(CI 0.45–3.31)] and abnormal cranial USG [OR 7.95(CI 12.61–24.22)] were significant predictors of adverse outcomes in neonates with seizures. CONCLUSION: Prematurity, very low birth weight, birth asphyxia, meningitis, septicemia and abnormal USG could predict adverse outcomes in neonatal seizures. Improved antenatal and neonatal clinical practices may help reduce adverse outcomes in these patients.

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Serum somatomedin-C and bioassayable growth-promoting activity (thymidine activity) in appropriate and small-for-gestational-age human newborns

Acta Endocrinologica ◽

10.1530/acta.0.1100032 ◽

1985 ◽

Vol 110 (1) ◽

pp. 32-35 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

G. Thiériot-Prévost ◽

F. Daffos ◽

F. Forestier

Keyword(s):

Birth Weight ◽

Thymidine Incorporation ◽

Serum Transferrin ◽

Normal Birth Weight ◽

Somatomedin C ◽

Activated Lymphocytes ◽

Normal Birth ◽

Foetal Growth ◽

Growth Promoting ◽

Human Foetuses

Abstract. The serum level of radioimmunoassayable somatomedin-C and the bioassayable growth-promoting activity evaluated by the stimulating effect of serum upon thymidine incorporation into activated lymphocytes have been measured in the blood of term human foetuses. Comparison between those with a low birth weight and those with normal birth weight has shown that small-forgestational-age subjects have lower somatomedin-C (0.31 ± 0.03 vs 0.52 ± 0.03) and thymidine activity (1.03 ± 0.11 vs 1.50 ± 0.07) (P< 0.001). A positive correlation between somatomedin and thymidine activity was found. There was no difference in serum transferrin levels between both groups. It is suggested that somatomedin, and probably other growth-promoting factors measured by the thymidine bioassay, play a role in regulation of the foetal growth.

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