Quality Attributes and Shelf-Life Estimation of Cassava Flour Incorporated Bakery Product (Biscuit)

Cassava (Manihotesculentacrantz) is not true cereals are largely grown all over the world. They are very important due to their excellent nutritional contents especially protein, crude fiber, and carbohydrates. Biscuits were prepared by mixing cassava and wheat flour. Six treatments were prepared by adding 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50% cassava flour with wheat flour (Sample B, C, D, E, and F respectively) along with controlled treatment of 100% wheat flour (A). The proximate composition of flours was analyzed and prepared biscuits were subjected to sensory evaluation and shelf-life estimation. The obtained data was analyzed statistically by Genstat Discovery Edition 3 (DE3), for Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) at a 5% level of significance. Statistical analysis showed that sensory parameters and overall acceptability of 80 parts wheat and 20 parts cassava flour incorporated biscuit was significantly superior to all biscuits formulations. The proximate results of the best product showed that moisture content, crude fat, crude protein, crude fiber, total ash content, and total carbohydrate were found 3.44±0.25%, 13.80±0.33%, 8.13±0.13%, 1.29±0.19%, 2.41±0.06%, and 70.99±0.50 (g/100g) respectively. The shelf life of the best product was estimated by analyzing acid value and moisture content of the product by using three different packaging materials biaxially polypropylene (BOPP), high-density polypropylene (HDPE), and polypropylene (PP) respectively. The shelf life of the best product (80-20) wheat and cassava flours was found to be satisfactory for 8 weeks. The projected shelf life was found high in polypropylene (PP) and high-density polypropylene (HDPE) for 13.5 and 17.81 weeks for acid value and moisture content respectively.

Lightweight Material Optimization of Aquatic Vehicles’ Propeller Based on Fatigue Life Using Hydro Structural Interaction Simulation

Generally, inward and outward effects are huge and prime in the rotating components. Based on the working environments of a rotor, the complexity is increased furthermore. Similarly, this work also deals the complicated problem, which is fatigue life estimation of Marine Vehicles’ propeller for different lightweight materials under given Ocean environments by using Ansys Fluent 16.2. The conceptual design of the ship propeller is modeled with the help of CATIA. Fatigue life estimation on the rotor is a key and complex output of this work, so advanced methodology is mandatory for computation. For that purpose, the following advanced methodology has been implemented for this work, which is Hydro Structural Interaction (HSI) and Moving Reference Frame (MRF) techniques are associated in Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). Hydro-Fluid properties such as density and operating pressure are used as per the working vehicles’ environment, which has been easily, defined in Ansys Fluent 17.2. Thus this computational platform is perfect to handle hydrodynamic simulations, even though the gird convergence study is conducted for the better outcomes. In the case of structural simulation, the existing materials such as Aluminium alloy and Stainless Steel are used for fatigue life estimation under HSI loading conditions. Finally, the fatigue life estimation of Marine Vehicles’ propeller is extended for composite materials to compare the life of a rotor. Both the Hydrostatic and Hydrodynamic loading conditions are tested on Aquatic Vehicle’s rotor and thereby the suitable material is chosen and given to the future input for real-time applications.