scholarly journals Triatomine bugs, their microbiota and Trypanosoma cruzi: asymmetric responses of bacteria to an infected blood meal

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastián Díaz ◽  
Bianca Villavicencio ◽  
Nathália Correia ◽  
Jane Costa ◽  
Karen L. Haag
Keyword(s):  
Trypanosoma Cruzi ◽  
Blood Meal ◽  
Infected Blood ◽  
Triatomine Bugs ◽  
Asymmetric Responses

scholarly journals A simple method to purify biologically and antigenically preserved bloodstream trypomastigotes of Trypanosoma cruzi using Deae-cellulose columns

1983 ◽  
Vol 78 (3) ◽  
pp. 317-333 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Auxiliadora de Sousa
Keyword(s):  
Trypanosoma Cruzi ◽  
Deae Cellulose ◽  
Mouse Blood ◽  
Simple Method ◽  
Infected Blood ◽  
Normal Morphology ◽  
Mean Survival Time ◽  
Triatomine Bugs ◽  
Forms Processing ◽  
Polymorphism Pattern

A method to purify trypanosomastigotes of some strains of Trypanosoma cruzi (Y, CL, FL, F, "Berenice", "Colombiana" and "São Felipe") from mouse blood by using DEAE-cellulose columns was standardized. This procedure is a modification of the Lanham & Godfrey methods and differs in some aspects from others described to purify T. cruzi bloodstream trypomastigotes, mainly by avoidance of prior purifications of parasites. By this method, the broad trypomastigotes were mainly isolated, accounting for higher recoveries obtained with strains having higher percentages of these forms: processing of infected blood from irradiated mice could be advantageous by increasing the recovery of parasites (percentage and/or total number) and elution of more slender trypomastigotes. Trypomastigotes purified by this method presented normal morphology and motility, remained infective to triatomine bugs and mice, showing in the latter prepatent periods and courses parasitemia similar to those of control parasites, and also reproducing the polymorphism pattern of each strain. Their virulence and pathogenicity also remained considerably preserved, the latter property being evaluated by LD 50 tests, mortality rates and mean survival time of inoculated mice. Moreover, these parasites presented positive, clear and peripheral immunofluorescence reaction at titres similar to those of control organisms, thus suggesting important preservation of their surface antigens.

Development of Trypanosoma (Schizotrypanum) hedricki in Cimex brevis (Hemiptera: Cimicidae)

1981 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 546-554 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan M. Bower ◽  
Patrick T. K. Woo
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Trypanosoma Cruzi ◽  
Blood Meal ◽  
Agar Medium ◽  
Blood Feeding ◽  
Oral Route ◽  
Myotis Lucifugus ◽  
Infected Blood ◽  
Big Brown Bats ◽  
Large Numbers

Trypanosoma hedricki Bower and Woo from the blood of big brown bats (Eptesicus fuscus (Palisot de Beauvois)) developed in Cimex brevis Usinger and Ueshima. Approximately 24 h after the infected blood meal, the majority of the flagellates were still present in the first ventriculus of the gut but had transformed into epimastigotes. These epimastigotes divided by longitudinal binary fission. Four days after the blood meal, a few flagellates had reached the rectum of bugs held at 25 °C. These transformed into long thin metatrypanosomes. Not all bugs could be infected with T. hedricki but by 12 days after feeding, bugs with trypanosomes usually contained large numbers of metatrypanosomes in the rectum. These metatrypanosomes were infective to big brown bats when inoculated via the intraperitoneal or oral route. Little brown bats (Myotis lucifugus (Le Conte)) could not be infected. The morphology of the vector forms was similar to that of forms cultured in diphasic blood agar medium at about 21 °C and to those of Trypanosoma cruzi Chagas reported from triatomine bugs.Trypanosoma hedricki would not develop in blood-feeding mites (Steatonyssus occidentalis (Ewing)), Rhodnius prolixus Stål, or Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus).

Identification by Q-PCR of Trypanosoma cruzi lineage and determination of blood meal sources in triatomine gut samples in México

2013 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriela Ibáñez-Cervantes ◽  
Alejandro Martínez-Ibarra ◽  
Benjamín Nogueda-Torres ◽  
Eduardo López-Orduña ◽  
Ana L. Alonso ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Trypanosoma Cruzi ◽  
Blood Meal

scholarly journals Elucidating the Mechanism of Trypanosoma cruzi Acquisition by Triatomine Insects: Evidence from a Large Field Survey of Triatoma infestans

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 87
Author(s):  
Aaron W. Tustin ◽  
Ricardo Castillo-Neyra ◽  
Laura D. Tamayo ◽  
Renzo Salazar ◽  
Katty Borini-Mayorí ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Trypanosoma Cruzi ◽  
Regression Models ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Protozoan Parasite ◽  
Etiologic Agent ◽  
Triatoma Infestans ◽  
Large Field ◽  
Blood Sucking ◽  
Triatomine Bugs ◽  
Cruzi Infection

Blood-sucking triatomine bugs transmit the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiologic agent of Chagas disease. We measured the prevalence of T. cruzi infection in 58,519 Triatoma infestans captured in residences in and near Arequipa, Peru. Among bugs from infected colonies, T. cruzi prevalence increased with stage from 12% in second instars to 36% in adults. Regression models demonstrated that the probability of parasite acquisition was roughly the same for each developmental stage. Prevalence increased by 5.9% with each additional stage. We postulate that the probability of acquiring the parasite may be related to the number of feeding events. Transmission of the parasite does not appear to be correlated with the amount of blood ingested during feeding. Similarly, other hypothesized transmission routes such as coprophagy fail to explain the observed pattern of prevalence. Our results could have implications for the feasibility of late-acting control strategies that preferentially kill older insects.

The leech as a vector of a fish piroplasm

1980 ◽  
Vol 58 (9) ◽  
pp. 1631-1637 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. Khan
Keyword(s):  
Marine Fish ◽  
Blood Meal ◽  
Gadus Morhua ◽  
Infected Fish ◽  
Binary Fission ◽  
Gut Contents ◽  
Pseudopleuronectes Americanus ◽  
Infected Blood ◽  
Fish Blood ◽  
Anarhichas Lupus

A piroplasm, Haemohormidium beckeri, is redescribed from two marine fish, Lycodes lavalaei and Lycodes vahlii (Zoarcidae). The parasite divided by both binary fission and schizogony. In the latter process, up to eight merozoites were produced and these developed within mature erythrocytes. Infections were prevalent among fish from areas off the Labrador coast. Parasitemias, which varied from light infections to estimates of 60 parasites/1000 erythrocytes, were recorded in 15 fish for about 6 months. Subinoculation of infected blood initiated infections in two perciform fish, Myoxocephalus octodecemspinosus and Anarhichas lupus, but not in a pleuronectiform, Pseudopleuronectes americanus, or a gadiform, Gadus morhua. Natural infections were present in three leeches, Platybdella olriki, that had fed on an infected L. lavalaei. Piroplasms were also observed in the gastrointestinal content of all 94 laboratory-reared leeches, Johanssonia arctica, dissected 7 through 109 days after engorgement on infected fish blood. Inoculations of gut contents from leeches after digestion of a blood meal produced infections in uninfected fish. Natural transmission occurred when leeches were fed again on susceptible fish, whereas pipetting entire leeches into the stomach of fish did not initiate infections. This is the first evidence that leeches transmit piroplasms in nature to fish.

Trypanosoma cruzi-triatomine associations and the presence of mixed infections in single triatomine bugs in Paraná state, Brazil

2007 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernanda Spitzner ◽  
Jorge Freitas ◽  
Andréa Macedo ◽  
Max Ornelas Toledo ◽  
Silvana Araújo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Trypanosoma Cruzi ◽  
Mitochondrial Gene ◽  
Reference Sample ◽  
The State ◽  
Panstrongylus Megistus ◽  
Transmission Cycle ◽  
Triatomine Bugs ◽  
Triatoma Sordida ◽  
Triatomine Species ◽  
Coii Gene

AbstractEighteen strains of Trypanosoma cruzi isolated from two species of triatomines in the state of Paraná, Brazil, were characterized molecularly using three strategies: RAPD (randomly amplified polymorphic DNA) with four primers, analysis of the D7 polymorphic region of the 24Sα rDNA, and RFLP (restriction fragment length polymorphism) of region 5′ of the mitochondrial gene COII (cytochrome oxidase subunit 2). The phenogram constructed with the RAPD data showed that only three strains isolated from Panstrongylus megistus collected in the Municipality of Arapongas were grouped together in a sub-branch. None of the other 15 strains could be clustered according to triatomine species or geographical origin. The strains were grouped with the T. cruzi I reference sample, indicating closer association with the sylvatic transmission cycle of T. cruzi in the state of Paraná. However, analyses of the rDNA and COII gene polymorphisms revealed the presence of populations from both T. cruzi I and II major lineages. In half of the analyzed triatomines, we found parasites from both lineages coinfecting the same bugs. Of these, most (6/9) were isolated from Triatoma sordida, and 3/9 from Panstrongylus megistus. These results contribute to a better comprehension of the ecoepidemiology of Chagas’ disease in Paraná, and raise questions about the role of studies of polyclonal population dynamics for controlling the transmission of T. cruzi to humans in this region.

scholarly journals Complexity and multi-factoriality of Trypanosoma cruzi sylvatic cycle in coatis, Nasua nasua (Procyonidae), and triatomine bugs in the Brazilian Pantanal

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernanda Moreira Alves ◽  
Juliane Saab de Lima ◽  
Fabiana Lopes Rocha ◽  
Heitor Miraglia Herrera ◽  
Guilherme de Miranda Mourão ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Trypanosoma Cruzi ◽  
Sylvatic Cycle ◽  
Nasua Nasua ◽  
Triatomine Bugs ◽  
Brazilian Pantanal

scholarly journals Trypanosoma cruzi-infected Rhodnius prolixus endure increased predation facilitating parasite transmission to mammal hosts

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (7) ◽  
pp. e0009570
Author(s):  
Newmar Pinto Marliére ◽  
Marcelo Gustavo Lorenzo ◽  
Alessandra Aparecida Guarneri
Keyword(s):  
Trypanosoma Cruzi ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Rhodnius Prolixus ◽  
Parasite Transmission ◽  
Intermediate Hosts ◽  
Oral Transmission ◽  
Vector Interaction ◽  
Triatomine Bugs ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Predation Rates

Triatomine bugs aggregate with conspecifics inside shelters during daylight hours. At dusk, they leave their refuges searching for hosts on which to blood feed. After finding a host, triatomines face the threat of being killed, because hosts often prey on them. As it is known that many parasites induce the predation of intermediate hosts to promote transmission, and that ingestion of Trypanosoma cruzi-infected bugs represents a very effective means for mammal infection, we hypothesized that trypanosomes induce infected bugs to take increased risk, and, as a consequence, be predated when approaching a host. Therefore, we evaluated whether the predation risk and predation rates endured by Rhodnius prolixus increase when infected with T. cruzi. Assays were performed in square glass arenas offering one central refuge to infected and uninfected 5th instar nymphs. A caged mouse was introduced in each arena after a three-day acclimation interval to activate sheltered insects and induce them to approach it. As hypothesized, a significantly higher proportion of infected insects was predated when compared with uninfected ones (36% and 19%, respectively). Indeed, T. cruzi-infected bugs took higher risk (Approximation Index = 0.642) when compared with healthy ones (Approximation Index = 0.302) and remained outside the shelters when the host was removed from the arena. Our results show that infection by T. cruzi induces bugs to assume higher risk and endure higher predation rates. We reveal a hitherto unknown trypanosome-vector interaction process that increases infected bug predation, promoting increased rates of robust oral transmission. The significant consequences of the mechanism revealed here make it a fundamental component for the resilient maintenance of sylvatic, peridomestic and domestic cycles.

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