scholarly journals Motion disrupts dynamic visual search for an orientation change

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily M. Crowe ◽  
Christina J. Howard ◽  
Iain D. Gilchrist ◽  
Christopher Kent
Keyword(s):  
Visual Search ◽  
Response Time ◽  
Real World ◽  
Dynamic Environment ◽  
Dynamic Environments ◽  
Critical Event ◽  
Moving Target ◽  
Orientation Change ◽  
Search Tasks ◽  
Static Object

AbstractVisual search in dynamic environments, for example lifeguarding or CCTV monitoring, has several fundamentally different properties to standard visual search tasks. The visual environment is constantly moving, a range of items could become targets and the task is to search for a certain event. We developed a novel task in which participants were required to search static and moving displays for an orientation change thus capturing components of visual search, multiple object tracking and change detection paradigms. In Experiment 1, we found that the addition of moving distractors slowed participants’ response time to detect an orientation changes in a moving target, showing that the motion of distractors disrupts the rapid detection of orientation changes in a moving target. In Experiment 2 we found that, in displays of both moving and static objects, response time was slower if a moving object underwent a change than if a static object did, thus demonstrating that motion of the target itself also disrupts the detection of an orientation change. Our results could have implications for training in real-world occupations where the task is to search a dynamic environment for a critical event. Moreover, we add to the literature highlighting the need to develop lab-based tasks with high experimental control from any real-world tasks researchers may wish to investigate rather than extrapolating from static visual search tasks to more dynamic environments.

Fuzzy Navigation for Robotic Manipulators

1998 ◽  
Vol 06 (02) ◽  
pp. 179-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Althoefer ◽  
L. D. Seneviratne ◽  
P. Zavlangas ◽  
B. Krekelberg
Keyword(s):  
Response Time ◽  
Obstacle Avoidance ◽  
Real World ◽  
Target Position ◽  
Robotic Manipulators ◽  
Dynamic Environments ◽  
Rule Base ◽  
Short Response Time ◽  
Time Requirements ◽  
On Line

This paper describes a novel navigation and obstacle avoidance system for robotic manipulators. The system is divided into separate fuzzy units which individually control the links of a manipulator. The rule base of each unit combines the repelling influence of obstacles with the attracting influence of the target position in a fuzzy way to generate actuating commands for the link. Owing to its simplicity and hence its short response time, the fuzzy navigator is especially suitable in on-line applications with strong real-time requirements. Furthermore, this approach allows obstacle avoidance in dynamic environments. The functioning of the fuzzy navigator with respect to robotic manipulators and results of real-world experiments are presented.

scholarly journals Visual search performance in ‘CCTV’ and mobile phone-like video footage

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Viktoria R. Mileva ◽  
Peter J. B. Hancock ◽  
Stephen R. H. Langton
Keyword(s):  
Visual Search ◽  
Mobile Phone ◽  
Real World ◽  
Police Officers ◽  
Search Performance ◽  
Multiple Images ◽  
Video Footage ◽  
Search Tasks ◽  
Improve Accuracy ◽  
The Face

AbstractFinding an unfamiliar person in a crowd of others is an integral task for police officers, CCTV-operators, and security staff who may be looking for a suspect or missing person; however, research suggests that it is difficult and accuracy in such tasks is low. In two real-world visual-search experiments, we examined whether being provided with four images versus one image of an unfamiliar target person would help improve accuracy when searching for that person through video footage. In Experiment 1, videos were taken from above and at a distance to simulate CCTV, and images of the target showed their face and torso. In Experiment 2, videos were taken from approximately shoulder height, such as one would expect from body-camera or mobile phone recordings, and target images included only the face. Our findings suggest that having four images as exemplars leads to higher accuracy in the visual search tasks, but this only reached significance in Experiment 2. There also appears to be a conservative bias whereby participants are more likely to respond that the target is not in the video when presented with only one image as opposed to 4. These results point to there being an advantage for providing multiple images of targets for use in video visual-search.

scholarly journals Searching for unity: Real-world versus item-based visual search in age-related eye disease

2017 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
Author(s):  
David P. Crabb ◽  
Deanna J. Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Visual Search ◽  
Real World ◽  
Eye Diseases ◽  
Age Related Macular Degeneration ◽  
Eye Disease ◽  
Real Word ◽  
Search Tasks ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Versus Item ◽  
Word Search

AbstractWhen studying visual search, item-based approaches using synthetic targets and distractors limit the real-world applicability of results. Everyday visual search can be impaired in patients with common eye diseases like glaucoma and age-related macular degeneration. We highlight some results in the literature that suggest assessment of real-word search tasks in these patients could be clinically useful.

Attention Redirection Using Binaurally Spatialised Cues Delivered Over a Bone Conduction Headset

2016 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 1534-1538 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amit Barde ◽  
Matt Ward ◽  
William S. Helton ◽  
Mark Billinghurst ◽  
Gun Lee
Keyword(s):  
Visual Search ◽  
Real World ◽  
Bone Conduction ◽  
Search Performance ◽  
Auditory Cues ◽  
Directional Information ◽  
Search Tasks ◽  
Audio Cues ◽  
Auditory Cue ◽  
Potential Use

Visual search performance was studied using auditory cues delivered over a bone conduction headset. Two types of auditory cues were employed to evaluate the effectiveness of such cues in an attention redirection task. Participants were required to locate and shoot targets at one of four locations on a screen when one of the two audio cues was delivered. Reaction and target acquisition times were significantly reduced when the binaurally spatialised cues were used compared to unlocalisable, monophonic cues. This appears to suggest that an auditory cue with directional information is far superior at aiding search tasks or alerting the user to redirect attention in the real-world space in comparison to a centered ‘monophonic’ cue. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of a binaurally spatialised, dynamic cue and point to its potential use in an information rich environment to provide useful and actionable information.

In Search of Experience Effects: How TSA Officers Differ From Undergraduates on Visual Search Tasks

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen R. Mitroff ◽  
Adam T. Biggs ◽  
Matthew S. Cain ◽  
Elise F. Darling ◽  
Kait Clark ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Search ◽  
Search Tasks ◽  
Experience Effects

Visual search in the (un)real world

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tobit Kollenberg ◽  
Alexander Neumann ◽  
Dorothe Schneider ◽  
Tessa-Karina Tews ◽  
Thomas Hermann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Search ◽  
Real World

scholarly journals When more is more: redundant modifiers can facilitate visual search

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gwendolyn Rehrig ◽  
Reese A. Cullimore ◽  
John M. Henderson ◽  
Fernanda Ferreira
Keyword(s):  
Visual Search ◽  
Real World ◽  
Search Space ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Target Object ◽  
Search Performance ◽  
Redundant Information ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Target Template ◽  
Template Specificity

Abstract According to the Gricean Maxim of Quantity, speakers provide the amount of information listeners require to correctly interpret an utterance, and no more (Grice in Logic and conversation, 1975). However, speakers do tend to violate the Maxim of Quantity often, especially when the redundant information improves reference precision (Degen et al. in Psychol Rev 127(4):591–621, 2020). Redundant (non-contrastive) information may facilitate real-world search if it narrows the spatial scope under consideration, or improves target template specificity. The current study investigated whether non-contrastive modifiers that improve reference precision facilitate visual search in real-world scenes. In two visual search experiments, we compared search performance when perceptually relevant, but non-contrastive modifiers were included in the search instruction. Participants (NExp. 1 = 48, NExp. 2 = 48) searched for a unique target object following a search instruction that contained either no modifier, a location modifier (Experiment 1: on the top left, Experiment 2: on the shelf), or a color modifier (the black lamp). In Experiment 1 only, the target was located faster when the verbal instruction included either modifier, and there was an overall benefit of color modifiers in a combined analysis for scenes and conditions common to both experiments. The results suggest that violations of the Maxim of Quantity can facilitate search when the violations include task-relevant information that either augments the target template or constrains the search space, and when at least one modifier provides a highly reliable cue. Consistent with Degen et al. (2020), we conclude that listeners benefit from non-contrastive information that improves reference precision, and engage in rational reference comprehension. Significance statement This study investigated whether providing more information than someone needs to find an object in a photograph helps them to find that object more easily, even though it means they need to interpret a more complicated sentence. Before searching a scene, participants were either given information about where the object would be located in the scene, what color the object was, or were only told what object to search for. The results showed that providing additional information helped participants locate an object in an image more easily only when at least one piece of information communicated what part of the scene the object was in, which suggests that more information can be beneficial as long as that information is specific and helps the recipient achieve a goal. We conclude that people will pay attention to redundant information when it supports their task. In practice, our results suggest that instructions in other contexts (e.g., real-world navigation, using a smartphone app, prescription instructions, etc.) can benefit from the inclusion of what appears to be redundant information.

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