eye diseases
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Author(s):  
Kittiwan Sumethkul ◽  
Indhira Urailert ◽  
Tassanee Kitumnuaypong ◽  
Sungchai Angthararak ◽  
Sukhum Silpa-archa

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yi Jin ◽  
Yindi Ding ◽  
Mark Richards ◽  
Mika Kaakinen ◽  
Anna Szymborska ◽  
...  

Abstract Vascular Endothelial (VE)-cadherin in endothelial adherens junctions is an essential component of the vascular barrier, critical for tissue homeostasis and implicated in progression of diseases such as cancer and eye diseases. Inhibitors of SRC cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase have been applied to suppress tyrosine phosphorylation of VE-cadherin and thereby to prevent excessive leakage, edema and high interstitial pressure. We show that the SRC-related YES tyrosine kinase rather than SRC, is localized at endothelial cell (EC) junctions. EC-specific YES deletion suppresses VE-cadherin phosphorylation, and arrests VE-cadherin at EC junctions. This is accompanied by loss of EC collective migration, and exaggerated agonist-induced macromolecular leakage, while extravasation of monocytes is suppressed. Overexpression of Yes causes ectopic VE-cadherin phosphorylation while vascular leakage is unaffected. In contrast, in EC-specific Src-deficient mice, VE-cadherin internalization is maintained and leakage is suppressed. In conclusion, YES-mediated VE-cadherin phosphorylation regulates its constitutive turnover, required for endothelial junction plasticity and vascular integrity.


2022 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yonghui Zou ◽  
Yi Xu ◽  
Xiaofeng Chen ◽  
Yaoqi Wu ◽  
Longsheng Fu ◽  
...  

Leucine-rich alpha⁃2 glycoprotein 1 (LRG1) is an important member of the leucine-rich repetitive sequence protein family. LRG1 was mainly involved in normal physiological activities of the nervous system, such as synapse formation, synapse growth, the development of nerve processes, neurotransmitter transfer and release, and cell adhesion molecules or ligand-binding proteins. Also, LRG1 affected the development of respiratory diseases, hematological diseases, endocrine diseases, tumor diseases, eye diseases, cardiovascular diseases, rheumatic immune diseases, infectious diseases, etc. LRG1 was a newly discovered important upstream signaling molecule of transforming growth factor⁃β (TGF⁃β) that affected various pathological processes through the TGF⁃β signaling pathway. However, research on LRG1 and its involvement in the occurrence and development of diseases was still in its infancy and the current studies were mainly focused on proteomic detection and basic animal experimental reports. We could reasonably predict that LRG1 might act as a new direction and strategy for the treatment of many diseases.


Author(s):  
А.В. Захарова

На долю конъюнктивита приходится 33% всех случаев заболеваний глаз. Конъюнктивит, или воспаление конъюнктивы, относится к ее наиболее частым заболеваниям. Независимо от этиологии клинические проявления примерно одинаковые. На прием в поликлинику приходят пациенты с жалобами на светобоязнь, ощущение инородного тела, покраснение склер, зуд, боль, слезотечение, отек век. Первой целью офтальмолога является дифференциация между вирусным и бактериальным конъюнктивитом. Вторым этапом необходимо провести детальный дифференциальный анализ между нозологиями. Для решения этих задач врачу необходимо провести детальный сбор жалоб и анамнеза, а также биомикроскопию переднего отрезка глаза. Вирусные заболевания глаз представляют собой серьезную медико-социальную проблему. Вирусы – одна из наиболее частых причин инфекционного поражения наружных структур глаза с широким спектром возможных проявлений – от легкого преходящего конъюнктивита до более серьезных состояний, при которых поражение конъюнктивы и роговицы может приводить к рубцеванию, что в некоторых случаях ведет к слепоте. Такие возбудители, как аденовирус, пикорнавирус, вирусы простого герпеса и герпеса зостер, могут вызывать изолированный конъюнктивит, однако нередко они поражают также роговицу и веки. В последние годы отмечается рост распространенности аденовирусных конъюнктивитов. Заболевание отличается высокой частотой встречаемости и поражает все возрастные группы. Рост заболеваемости приходится на осенне-весенний период, когда вирусная контагиозность повышена. В клинической практике для местной терапии таких заболеваний, как вирусные (аденовирусные и герпетические) конъюнктивиты, кератиты, кератоконъюнктивиты, увеиты, с высокой эффективностью используются препараты интерферона. Conjunctivitis accounts for 33% of all eye diseases. Conjunctivitis, or inflammation of the conjunctiva, is one of its most common diseases. Regardless of the etiology, the clinical manifestations are approximately the same. Patients come to the clinics with complaints of photophobia, a feeling of a foreign body, red eye, itching, pain, lacrimation, hyperemia and swelling of the eyelids. The first goal of an ophthalmologist is to differentiate between viral and bacterial conjunctivitis. The second stage is to conduct a detailed differential analysis between nosologies. To solve these problems, the doctor needs to conduct a detailed collection of complaints and anamnesis, conducting a detailed biomicroscopy of the anterior segment of the eye. Viral eye diseases are a serious medical and social problem. Viruses are one of the most common causes of infection of the outer structures of the eye with a wide range of possible manifestations - from mild transient conjunctivitis to more serious conditions in which damage to the conjunctiva and cornea can lead to scarring, which in some cases leads to blindness. Pathogens such as adenovirus, picornavirus, herpes simplex virus and herpes zoster can cause isolated conjunctivitis, but they often also affect the cornea and eyelids. In recent years, there has been an increase in the prevalence of adenoviral conjunctivitis. The disease has a high frequency of occurrence and affects all age groups The increase in morbidity occurs in the autumn-spring period, when viral contagiousness is increased. In clinical practice, for local therapy of diseases such as viral (adenoviral and herpetic) conjunctivitis, keratitis, keratoconjunctivitis, uveitis, interferon preparations are used with high efficiency.


2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 045-056
Author(s):  
Kedar N Prasad

The major eye diseases refractive error, cataract, age-related macular degeneration (ARMD), glaucoma, and diabetic retinopathy can lead to blindness without an early intervention. The treatments include eye glasses for refractive error, surgery for cataract, and medications for glaucoma and ARMD. These therapies do not address oxidative stress and inflammation that contribute to these eye diseases. Therefore, supplementation with antioxidants could be useful. However, administration with single or multiple dietary antioxidants with or without carotenoids (zeaxanthin and lutein), and omega-3-fatty acids, produced no benefits or only modest benefits in certain eye diseases. The problems associated with such antioxidant’s approaches were identified, and potential causes for not producing optimal benefits were presented. The major objectives are to show that enhanced oxidative stress and inflammation contribute to the age-related major eye diseases. This review presents rationales for using a comprehensive mixture of micronutrients containing dietary and endogenous antioxidants, vitamin D3, and carotenoids such as lutein, zeaxanthin, astaxanthin, all B-vitamins, and minerals Zn and Se for simultaneously reducing oxidative and inflammatory damage. Since elevated levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) are found in the wet ARMD and diabetic retinopathy, this mixture has ingredients, which reduce VEGF levels. Supplementation with this micronutrient mixture may delay the onset and progression of major eye diseases, and may improve the effectiveness of standard therapy.


2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 955-961
Author(s):  
A. S. Apostolova ◽  
A. V. Malyshev ◽  
A. A. Bashko ◽  
A. A. Sergienko ◽  
E. V. Kudryavceva

Purpose: to study the state and dynamics of changes in primary ocular disability in the period 2016–2018 by nosological forms. A complete retrospective study was made based on the data of the MSE (medical and social expertise) Bureau’s reporting documents. The following indicators of primary disability (per 10 thousand population) were registered from 2016 till 2018: among the adult population (18 years and older) 69,0–70,7–68,6 respectively; among the able-bodied population 42,8–44,1–41,1 respectively; among the population of retirement age — 125,1–126,4–124,6 accordingly. In the structure of primary disability of the adult population by severity for the period 2016–2018, the dynamics recorded an increase in the proportion of 1 group and 3 group with a decrease in the share of disability of 2 group. In the nosological structure of primary disability of the adult population in 2016–2017–2018, eye diseases account for 3 %, 3 % and 3.2 %, respectively, of all first recognized as disabled. There has been an increase in first-time applicants to the MSE Bureau. In the nosological structure of primary disability, the percentage of glaucoma patients over the past period is 47–33–32.5 % of the total number of primary disability for eye diseases, which determines the 1st rank. There is a progressive increase in the number of people with disabilities due to glaucoma of group 1 and group 2 throughout the study period. In the nosological structure of primary disability for 2016–2018 the percentage of patients with retinal diseases is 25–23–23.8 % of the total number of primary disability for eye diseases, which corresponds to the 2nd rank. There is a progressive increase in the number of disabled people in group 2. A low proportion of persons of working age in the structure of primary ocular disability was noted. A consistently high share of primary disability and a progressive increase in severe disability combined with an increase in persons of retirement age in the Krasnodar region forms an unfavorable forecast for an increase in the number of blind and visually impaired residents of the region.


2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 778-783
Author(s):  
D. Yu. Maychuk ◽  
A. A. Tarkhanova

The purpose to assess the benefits of using soft steroids in the treatment of inflammatory eye disorders according to literature data.Methods. The literature review concerning the administration of the gluco-corticosteroids and combination drugs based on gluco-corticosteroid for the treatment of inflammatory eye disorders. Both Russian and foreign sources for the 1980–2021 period were analyzed.The results. The combination drugs containing anti-infective drugs and gluco-corticosteroids are actively applied for the treatment of inflammatory eye disorders. That exerts joint ethiopathogenetic effect on the disorder. However, gluco-corticosteroid being a part of such drugs (predominantly dexamethasone) as often as not leads to ocular hypertension. In order to deal with this problem the so-called soft steroids (also classified as gluco-corticosteroids) were introduced. They lessen the possibility of the ocular hypertension and are marked by high efficiency and increased safety profile. One of the representatives of soft steroids is fluorometholone. There is a large evidential base in the modern literature that confirms much lesser influence of fluorometholone on ocular pressure if compared to dexamethasone. At the same time, dexamethasone has a higher anti-inflammatory activity, while on the other hand, its systemic immunosuppressive activity is lower. What is more, in terms of influence on the ocular surfaces, dexamethasone has an additional advantage which is causing mucin expression in conjuctival and corneal epithelium. The above mentioned merits of dexamethasone served as basis for its inclusion into the combination drug called Floas-T which is essentially the combination of tobramycin 0.3 % and fluorometholone 0.1 %. It is used in the treatment of inflammatory eye diseases and diseases of eye appendages, as well as for profylaxis of the diseases in the postoperative period.Conclusion. Combination drugs containing anti-infective components and gluco-corticosteroids seem to be highly promising for the treatment of inflammatory eye diseases. One of them worth highlighting is Floas-T classified as soft steroids containing tobramycin and fluorometholone. It compares to dexamethasone favourably in terms of efficiency, while contributing less to ocular hypertension.


2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 784-790
Author(s):  
E. N. Matyukhina

To this date nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs play a huge role in the treatment of inflammatory eye diseases. Ophthalmologists face the question of choosing between glucocorticoid drugs (GCS) and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for the treatment of any inflammatory process. At the same time, these groups can be used both in combinations and in monotherapy mode. Glucocorticoids are widely and effectively used in ophthalmology, but it should be remembered about a number of serious side effects of this group of drugs. When using these drugs, it is possible to increase ophthalmotonus, decrease the immune response and reparative processes, also GCS have cataractogenic and ulcerogenic effects, and therefore it careful use is necessary. NSAIDs are inferior to glucocorticoids in anti-inflammatory activity. Its mechanism of action is associated with blocking cyclooxygenase, inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis from arachidonic acid. In this regard, NSAIDs are the preferred group in the treatment of inflammatory eye diseases. The use of NSAIDs gives a good analgesic effect, this class of drugs is effective for the prevention of macular edema of various etiologies and reducing the risk of inflammation in the postoperative period. One of the most effective and most modern NSAIDs for topical use is a derivative of phenylacetic acid — Bromophenac, which in its formula has a bromine atom, which increases its lipophilicity, penetrating ability into the tissues of the eye, as well as analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity. Bromfenac is effective for relieving pain and all signs of inflammation caused by disease or surgery, suppressing the development of macular edema of various etiologies, has an antimiotic effect. Also, this group can be used after refractive surgery to reduce pain and photophobia, to relieve itching in allergic conjunctivitis. Double use of this drug during the day, the absence of discomfort and minimal side effects contribute to improving the patient’s compliance.


Genes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 27
Author(s):  
Dabin Moon ◽  
Hye Won Park ◽  
Dongheon Surl ◽  
Dongju Won ◽  
Seung-Tae Lee ◽  
...  

In this study, we investigated medically or surgically actionable genes in inherited eye disease, based on clinical phenotype and genomic data. This retrospective consecutive case series included 149 patients with inherited eye diseases, seen by a single pediatric ophthalmologist, who underwent genetic testing between 1 March 2017 and 28 February 2018. Variants were detected using a target enrichment panel of 429 genes and known deep intronic variants associated with inherited eye disease. Among 149 patients, 38 (25.5%) had a family history, and this cohort includes heterogeneous phenotype including anterior segment dysgenesis, congenital cataract, infantile nystagmus syndrome, optic atrophy, and retinal dystrophy. Overall, 90 patients (60.4%) received a definite molecular diagnosis. Overall, NGS-guided precision care was provided to 8 patients (5.4%). The precision care included cryotherapy to prevent retinal detachment in COL2A1 Stickler syndrome, osteoporosis management in patients with LRP5-associated familial exudative vitreoretinopathy, and avoidance of unnecessary phlebotomy in hyperferritinemia-cataract syndrome. A revision of the initial clinical diagnosis was made in 22 patients (14.8%). Unexpected multi-gene deletions and dual diagnosis were noted in 4 patients (2.7%). We found that precision medical or surgical managements were provided for 8 of 149 patients (5.4%), and multiple locus variants were found in 2.7% of cases. These findings are important because individualized management of inherited eye diseases can be achieved through genetic testing.


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