Pore structure and fractal characteristics of ultra-low permeability sandstone reservoirs in Upper Triassic Yanchang Formation, Ordos Basin

The complex pore structure and high heterogeneity of ultra-low permeability sandstone reservoirs have a significant effect on reservoir quality evaluation and hydrocarbon resource assessment. We collected 10 reservoir samples from the Upper Triassic Yanchang Formation Chang 8 in the Zhenbei area of the Ordos Basin. We measured the pore size distribution (PSD) and fluid occurrence characteristics of the reservoir by Pressure-controlled porosimetry (PCP), rate-controlled porosimetry (RCP) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and then analyzed the results via the fractal theory to determine the pore space fractal characteristics. Our analysis indicates that the three major pore types of these reservoirs are residual intergranular pores, dissolution pores and intercrystalline pores. The pore structure of the ultra-low permeability sandstone reservoirs is highly heterogeneous with pore throats of various scales, and the corresponding fractal characteristics are notably different, exhibiting multi-fractal features. Compared to macropores and mesopores, micropores are more uniform and regular in terms of their PSD and thus only slightly influence the reservoir quality. The complexity of the throat distribution and whole pore space is attributed to the development of dissolution pores and the content of feldspar minerals. Fractal features depend on the movable fluid pore space and effective pores, whose fractal dimensions reflect the complexity of interconnected pores and correlate well with the porosity and permeability. The development of different types and sizes of pore throats in these ultra-low permeability sandstone reservoirs resulted in the observed pore structure heterogeneity. The difference in mineral composition and content of these reservoirs aggravates the pore structure complexity and affects reservoir quality evaluation and further oilfield development.