scholarly journals Price, Tax and Income Elasticity Effects on Smoking Intensities Among Urban Cigarette Smokers in Kenya: Double-Hurdle Approach

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement 2) ◽  
pp. 195s-195s
Author(s):  
P. Kipkorir
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Tobacco Use ◽  
Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Income Elasticity ◽  
Noncommunicable Diseases ◽  
Cigarette Smokers ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Chronic Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Elasticity Effects

Background: Rationally, tobacco use is enemy number one among risk factors for noncommunicable diseases. It is a widely and broadly established cause of cancer and also responsible for cardiovascular and chronic respiratory diseases. It has been estimated that there are >1.3 billion smokers worldwide, with ∼80% residing in low- and middle-income countries. More than 10% of all deaths resulting from noncommunicable diseases including cancer, cardiovascular, chronic respiratory diseases and diabetes are related to tobacco and most of these occur in these low- and middle-income countries. In Kenya, >2.5 million of the population are adult smokers. Aim: Objectively, this abstract analyzed the price, tax and income elasticity effects on smoking intensities among the urban cigarette smokers for effective tobacco control in Kenya. Methods: The data used was sourced form the household and individual survey questionnaires from the Kenya Global Adult Tobacco Survey 2014. Double-hurdle model was used where the first part of the technique was to distinguish between the urban smokers and urban nonsmokers. The second part was to determine the smoking intensities among those who smoke and also to analyze the effect of price, tax and income elasticity on the individual consumption. Results: The study revealed that price of cigarette had a reducing (β = −2.2343) and very significant ( P < 0.001) elastic effect on smoking intensities among urban smokers while disposable income had a significant ( P < 0.010) but positive (β = −0.0366) inelastic effect on smoking levels of the urban cigarette smokers. Particularly, tax on cigarette has also been depicted to have a significant ( P < 0.001) yet positive and elastic (β = 1.7044) effect on smoking intensities on the urban cigarette smokers. Time spent in education has a significant ( P < 0.001) and negative (β = −3.2240) elastic effect on the smoking intensities of urban smokers. Notably, those who are married (β = −0.6320, P < 0.001) and employed (β = −0.5498, P < 0.010) have significant and negative though inelastic effect on their smoking intensities as compared with the unmarried and unemployed. Conclusion: Summarily, this implies that urban smokers have more income where the proportion spent on smoking is very small. Also, since tax is a function of income, it thus calls for the need to increase the rate of excise tax on cigarette so as to discourage consumption of cigarettes among the urban smokers and thus ultimately realizing and sustaining the health policy goals of reducing and averting the cancer risk factors. Furthermore, continuous use of cost-effective sensitization methods to create awareness and educate people on economic, social and health effects and impacts of tobacco use.

scholarly journals Noncommunicable diseases prevention in low- and middle-income countries: an overview of Health in All Policies (HiAP)

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ndubuisi Ebele
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Tobacco Use ◽  
Current Trend ◽  
Health Sector ◽  
Noncommunicable Diseases ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Harmful Use ◽  
Unhealthy Diet ◽  
Low And Middle Income

NCD causes an estimated 35 million deaths annually and accounts for 60% of all deaths globally, of which 80% is in low-and-middle-income countries (LMIC). NCDs will account for 80% of the global burden of disease by 2020. And will be responsible for seven out of every ten deaths in LMIC, more than double the current trend today. NCD is no longer an emerging problem in developing countries, it is assuming an alarming dimension, and it's taking on the proportion of an epidemic. The known risk factors for significant NCDs are well documented. The critical risk factors are tobacco use, unhealthy diet, physical inactivity, and harmful use of alcohol. To reverse the current trend that leads to an increase in poor dietary pattern, sedentary lifestyle, tobacco use, and harmful alcohol use- will require policies that transcend the health sector and policy change in different areas such as finance, urban planning, education, agriculture, and transportation.

scholarly journals Noncommunicable diseases prevention in low- and middle-income countries: an overview of Health in All Policies (HiAP)

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ndubuisi Ebele
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Tobacco Use ◽  
Current Trend ◽  
Health Sector ◽  
Noncommunicable Diseases ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Harmful Use ◽  
Unhealthy Diet ◽  
Low And Middle Income

NCD causes an estimated 35 million deaths annually and accounts for 60% of all deaths globally, of which 80% is in low-and-middle-income countries (LMIC). NCDs will account for 80% of the global burden of disease by 2020. And will be responsible for seven out of every ten deaths in LMIC, more than double the current trend today. NCD is no longer an emerging problem in developing countries, it is assuming an alarming dimension, and it's taking on the proportion of an epidemic. The known risk factors for significant NCDs are well documented. The critical risk factors are tobacco use, unhealthy diet, physical inactivity, and harmful use of alcohol. To reverse the current trend that leads to an increase in poor dietary pattern, sedentary lifestyle, tobacco use, and harmful alcohol use- will require policies that transcend the health sector and policy change in different areas such as finance, urban planning, education, agriculture, and transportation.

scholarly journals Noncommunicable diseases prevention in low- and middle-income countries: an overview of Health in All Policies (HiAP)

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ndubuisi Ebele
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Tobacco Use ◽  
Current Trend ◽  
Health Sector ◽  
Noncommunicable Diseases ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Harmful Use ◽  
Unhealthy Diet ◽  
Low And Middle Income

NCD causes an estimated 35 million deaths annually and accounts for 60% of all deaths globally, of which 80% is in low-and-middle-income countries (LMIC). NCDs will account for 80% of the global burden of disease by 2020. And will be responsible for seven out of every ten deaths in LMIC, more than double the current trend today. NCD is no longer an emerging problem in developing countries, it is assuming an alarming dimension, and it's taking on the proportion of an epidemic. The known risk factors for significant NCDs is well documented. The critical risk factors are tobacco use, unhealthy diet, physical inactivity, and harmful use of alcohol. To reverse the current trend that leads to an increase in poor dietary pattern, sedentary lifestyle, tobacco use, and harmful alcohol use- will requires policies that transcend the health sector and policy change in different areas such as finance, urban planning, education, agriculture, and transportation.

scholarly journals Socioeconomic inequalities in lifestyle risk factors across low- and middle-income countries

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charlotte Dieteren ◽  
Igna Bonfrer
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Alcohol Use ◽  
Tobacco Use ◽  
Socioeconomic Inequalities ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Lifestyle Risk Factors ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Harmful Alcohol ◽  
Lifestyle Risk

Abstract Background The heavy and ever rising burden of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) warrants interventions to reduce their underlying risk factors, which are often linked to lifestyles. To effectively supplement nationwide policies with targeted interventions, it is important to know how these risk factors are distributed across socioeconomic segments of populations in LMICs. This study quantifies the prevalence and socioeconomic inequalities in lifestyle risk factors in LMICs, to identify policy priorities conducive to the Sustainable Development Goal of a one third reduction in deaths from NCDs by 2030. Methods Data from 1,278,624 adult respondents to Demographic & Health Surveys across 22 LMICs between 2013 and 2018 are used to estimate crude prevalence rates and socioeconomic inequalities in tobacco use, overweight, harmful alcohol use and the clustering of these three in a household. Inequalities are measured by a concentration index and correlated with the percentage of GDP spent on health. We estimate a multilevel model to examine associations of individual characteristics with the different lifestyle risk factors. Results The prevalence of tobacco use among men ranges from 59.6% (Armenia) to 6.6% (Nigeria). The highest level of overweight among women is 83.7% (Egypt) while this is less than 12% in Burundi, Chad and Timor-Leste. 82.5% of women in Burundi report that their partner is “often or sometimes drunk” compared to 1.3% in Gambia. Tobacco use is concentrated among the poor, except for the low share of men smoking in Nigeria. Overweight, however, is concentrated among the better off, especially in Tanzania and Zimbabwe (Erreygers Index (EI) 0.227 and 0.232). Harmful alcohol use is more concentrated among the better off in Nigeria (EI 0.127), while Chad, Rwanda and Togo show an unequal pro-poor distribution (EI respectively − 0.147, -0.210, -0.266). Cambodia exhibits the largest socioeconomic inequality in unhealthy household behaviour (EI -0.253). The multilevel analyses confirm that in LMICs, tobacco and alcohol use are largely concentrated among the poor, while overweight is concentrated among the better-off. The associations between the share of GDP spent on health and the socioeconomical distribution of lifestyle factors are multidirectional. Conclusions This study emphasizes the importance of lifestyle risk factors in LMICs and the socioeconomic variation therein. Given the different socioeconomic patterns in lifestyle risk factors - overweight patters in LMICs differ considerably from those in high income countries- tailored interventions towards specific high-risk populations are warranted to supplement nationwide policies.

scholarly journals Noncommunicable Diseases Prevention In Low- and Middle-Income Countries: An Overview of Health in All Policies (HiAP)

2021 ◽  
Vol 58 ◽  
pp. 004695802092788
Author(s):  
Nweke Ebele Ndubuisi
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Physical Inactivity ◽  
Health Sector ◽  
Noncommunicable Disease ◽  
Noncommunicable Diseases ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Unhealthy Diet ◽  
Tobacco Usage ◽  
Low And Middle Income

Noncommunicable disease (NCD) causes about 35 million deaths and accounts for 60% of all deaths, of which 80% is in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC). NCDs will account for 80% of the global burden of disease by 2020 and account for 7 out of every 10 deaths in LMIC. NCD is no longer an emerging problem in developing countries, it’s assuming an alarming dimension, and taking on the proportion of an epidemic. Several literatures document the known risk factors for significant NCDs. The critical risk factors are tobacco usage, unhealthy diet, physical inactivity, and detrimental usage of alcohol. To reverse the trend that leads to an increase in poor dietary patterns, sedentary lifestyle, tobacco use, and harmful alcohol use will need policies that transcend the health sector and policy change in different areas such as finance, urban planning, education, agriculture, and transportation.

scholarly journals Socioeconomic inequalities in lifestyle risk factors across low- and middle-income countries

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Charlotte Dieteren ◽  
Igna Bonfrer
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Alcohol Use ◽  
Tobacco Use ◽  
Socioeconomic Inequalities ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Lifestyle Risk Factors ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Harmful Alcohol ◽  
Lifestyle Risk

Abstract Background The heavy and ever rising burden of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) warrants interventions to reduce their underlying risk factors, which are often linked to lifestyles. To effectively supplement nationwide policies with targeted interventions, it is important to know how these risk factors are distributed across socioeconomic segments of populations in LMICs. This study quantifies the prevalence and socioeconomic inequalities in lifestyle risk factors in LMICs, to identify policy priorities conducive to the Sustainable Development Goal of a one third reduction in deaths from NCDs by 2030. Methods Data from 1,278,624 adult respondents to Demographic & Health Surveys across 22 LMICs between 2013 and 2018 are used to estimate crude prevalence rates and socioeconomic inequalities in tobacco use, overweight, harmful alcohol use and the clustering of these three in a household. Inequalities are measured by a concentration index and correlated with the percentage of GDP spent on health. We estimate a multilevel model to examine associations of individual characteristics with the different lifestyle risk factors. Results The prevalence of tobacco use among men ranges from 59.6% (Armenia) to 6.6% (Nigeria). The highest level of overweight among women is 83.7% (Egypt) while this is less than 12% in Burundi, Chad and Timor-Leste. 82.5% of women in Burundi report that their partner is “often or sometimes drunk” compared to 1.3% in Gambia. Tobacco use is concentrated among the poor, except for the low share of men smoking in Nigeria. Overweight, however, is concentrated among the better off, especially in Tanzania and Zimbabwe (Erreygers Index (EI) 0.227 and 0.232). Harmful alcohol use is more concentrated among the better off in Nigeria (EI 0.127), while Chad, Rwanda and Togo show an unequal pro-poor distribution (EI respectively − 0.147, − 0.210, − 0.266). Cambodia exhibits the largest socioeconomic inequality in unhealthy household behaviour (EI − 0.253). The multilevel analyses confirm that in LMICs, tobacco and alcohol use are largely concentrated among the poor, while overweight is concentrated among the better-off. The associations between the share of GDP spent on health and the socioeconomical distribution of lifestyle factors are multidirectional. Conclusions This study emphasizes the importance of lifestyle risk factors in LMICs and the socioeconomic variation therein. Given the different socioeconomic patterns in lifestyle risk factors - overweight patters in LMICs differ considerably from those in high income countries- tailored interventions towards specific high-risk populations are warranted to supplement nationwide policies.

scholarly journals "Big" Food, Tobacco, and Alcohol: Reducing Industry Influence on Noncommunicable Disease Prevention Laws and Policies Comment on "Addressing NCDs: Challenges From Industry Market Promotion and Interferences"

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (7) ◽  
pp. 450-454 ◽  
Author(s):  
Belinda Reeve ◽  
Lawrence O. Gostin
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Conflicts Of Interest ◽  
Noncommunicable Disease ◽  
Noncommunicable Diseases ◽  
Unhealthy Food ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Growing Body ◽  
Laws And Policies ◽  
Market Promotion

The food, tobacco and alcohol industries have penetrated markets in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), with a significant impact on these countries’ burden of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs). Tangcharoensathien and colleagues describe the aggressive marketing of unhealthy food, alcohol and tobacco in LMICs, as well as key tactics used by these industries to resist laws and policies designed to reduce behavioural risk factors for NCDs. This commentary expands on the recommendations made by Tangcharoensathien and colleagues for preventing or managing conflicts of interest and reducing undue industry influence on NCD prevention policies and laws, focusing on the needs of LMICs. A growing body of research proposes ways to design voluntary industry initiatives to make them more effective, transparent and accountable, but governments should also consider whether collaboration with health-harming industries is ever appropriate. More fundamentally, mechanisms for identifying, managing and mitigating conflicts of interest and reducing industry influence must be woven into – and supported by – broader governance and regulatory structures at both national and international levels.

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