Biophysical Methods for Stratum Corneum Characterization

Keratinocytes undergo maturation during their transit through the viable layers of skin, and then abruptly transform into flattened, anuclear corneocytes that constitute the cellular component of the skin barrier, the stratum corneum (SC). The SC is generally considered to be homogeneous in its structure and barrier properties, and is often shown schematically as a featureless brick wall, the “bricks” being the corneocytes, the “mortar” being intercellular lipid. Previously we showed the outer SC was not homogeneous in its composition, but contained steep gradients of the physiological inorganic elements Na, K and Cl, likely originating from sweat salts. Here we show the innermost corneocytes in human skin are also heterogeneous in composition, undergoing systematic changes in intracellular element concentration during transit into the interior of the SC.Human skin biopsies were taken from the lower leg of individuals with both “good” and “dry” skin and plunge-frozen in a stirred, cooled isopentane/propane mixture.

Paracrystalline Aggregates of Psoriatic Keratin and Their Relation to Normal Keratin Structure

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100120096 ◽

1985 ◽

Vol 43 ◽

pp. 680-681

Author(s):

S. Trachtenberg ◽

P.M. Steinert ◽

B.L. Trus ◽

A.C. Steven

Keyword(s):

Cell Death ◽

Stratum Corneum ◽

Intermediate Filament ◽

Skin Disease ◽

Amorphous Matrix ◽

Terminal Differentiation ◽

Proteolytic Degradation ◽

Horny Layer ◽

Chronic Skin ◽

Chronic Skin Disease

During terminal differentiation of vertebrate epidermis, certain specific keratin intermediate filament (KIF) proteins are produced. Keratinization of the epidermis involves cell death and disruption of the cytoplasm, leaving a network of KIF embedded in an amorphous matrix which forms the outer horny layer known as the stratum corneum. Eventually these cells are shed (desquamation). Normally, the processes of differentiation, keratinization, and desquamation are regulated in an orderly manner. In psoriasis, a chronic skin disease, a hyperkeratotic stratum corneum is produced, resulting in abnormal desquamation of unusually large scales. In this disease, the normal KIF proteins are diminished in amount or absent, and other proteins more typical of proliferative epidermal cells are present. There is also evidence of proteolytic degradation of the KIF.

Sunlight protection in normal skin. By absorptive filter chemically induced in stratum corneum

Archives of Dermatology ◽

10.1001/archderm.93.1.106 ◽

1966 ◽

Vol 93 (1) ◽

pp. 106-111 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

R. M. Fusaro

Keyword(s):

Stratum Corneum ◽

Normal Skin ◽

Chemically Induced

Technique for estimating turnover time of human stratum corneum

Archives of Dermatology ◽

10.1001/archderm.95.4.408 ◽

1967 ◽

Vol 95 (4) ◽

pp. 408-411 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

H. Baker

Keyword(s):

Stratum Corneum ◽

Turnover Time ◽

Human Stratum Corneum

Rätselhafte Bläschen an Händen und Mundschleimhaut bei einem 15 Monate alten Mädchen: Intoxikation durch Dieselöl

Kinder- und Jugendmedizin ◽

10.1055/s-0037-1617855 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 5 (03) ◽

pp. 141-143

Author(s):

Andreas Merkenschlager ◽

Matthias Bernhard

Keyword(s):

Stratum Corneum

ZusammenfassungAkzidentelle Vergiftungen ereignen sich am häufigsten im Kleinkindesalter. Der weit verbreitete Gebrauch von aliphatischen Hydrokarbonen wie Dieselöl begünstigt Intoxikationen. Die Ingestion von Dieseltreibstoff birgt insbesondere die Gefahr einer Aspirationspneumonie. Akute Hauttoxizität ist hingegen selten.Ein 15 Monate altes Mädchen entwickelte nach vorausgegangenem Erbrechen und einer mehrere Stunden andauernden Lethargie innerhalb von 24 Stunden zahlreiche bläschenartige Hautläsionen, die teilweise ulzeriert waren, an den Fingern, der Handinnenfläche sowie perioral. Die Wangen- und Gaumensegelschleimhaut zeigten mehrere kleine Ulzera, die weißlich belegt und hämorrhagisch waren. Zunächst wurde eine Hand-Fuß-Mund-Krankheit vermutet. Durch ausführliche Anamnese konnte jedoch festgestellt werden, dass das Kind am Tag zuvor in einem Sandkasten gespielt hatte, der durch ein Leck in einem daneben stehenden Dieselöltank kontaminiert gewesen war. Eine pulmonale oder hepatische Beteiligung konnte nicht nachgewiesen werden. Die Läsionen heilten vollständig unter antiseptischen Verbänden innerhalb einer Woche ab.Man nimmt an, dass Dieselöl primär das Stratum corneum der Haut schädigt. Kinder sind aufgrund ihrer gegenüber Erwachsenen dünneren Hornhaut gefährdeter. In seltenen Fällen können sich Vesikel, Ulzera und Hämorrhagien entwickeln, die mit Infektionskrankheiten verwechselt werden können.Unstimmigkeiten bei klinischen Befunden sollten insbesondere bei Kleinkindern immer an mögliche Intoxikationen denken lassen.

The rate-limiting effect of the stratum corneum of transcutaneous Pco2 measurement.

Nishi Nihon Hifuka ◽

10.2336/nishinihonhifu.49.68 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 49 (1) ◽

pp. 68-73

Author(s):

Hirotsugu TAKIWAKI

Keyword(s):

Stratum Corneum ◽

Pco2 Measurement ◽

Rate Limiting

Faculty Opinions recommendation of Filaggrin loss-of-function mutations are associated with enhanced expression of IL-1 cytokines in the stratum corneum of patients with atopic dermatitis and in a murine model of filaggrin deficiency.

Faculty Opinions – Post-Publication Peer Review of the Biomedical Literature ◽

10.3410/f.13939965.15395067 ◽

2012 ◽

Author(s):

Masutaka Furue ◽

Satoshi Takeuchi

Keyword(s):

Atopic Dermatitis ◽

Stratum Corneum ◽

Murine Model ◽

Loss Of Function ◽

Enhanced Expression

Faculty Opinions recommendation of Deficient stratum corneum intercellular lipid in a Japanese patient with lamellar ichthyosis with a homozygous deletion mutation in SDR9C7.

Faculty Opinions – Post-Publication Peer Review of the Biomedical Literature ◽

10.3410/f.733487537.793547454 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Keith Choate

Keyword(s):

Stratum Corneum ◽

Japanese Patient ◽

Homozygous Deletion ◽

Deletion Mutation ◽

Lamellar Ichthyosis ◽

Intercellular Lipid

Effect of microplasma treatment on stratum corneum lipid molecule

Japanese Journal of Applied Physics ◽

10.35848/1347-4065/ab7ae3 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 59 (SH) ◽

pp. SHHF06

Author(s):

J. Kristof ◽

T. Aoshima ◽

M. Blajan ◽

K. Shimizu

Keyword(s):

Stratum Corneum ◽

Lipid Molecule ◽

Stratum Corneum Lipid

Microneedle-Assisted Percutaneous Transport of Magnesium Sulfate

Current Drug Delivery ◽

10.2174/1567201817666191217093936 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 17 (2) ◽

pp. 140-147

Author(s):

Karna B. Ghimirey ◽

Kevin Ita

Keyword(s):

Confocal Microscopy ◽

Stratum Corneum ◽

Magnesium Sulfate ◽

Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽

Optical Emission ◽

Magnesium Concentration ◽

Porcine Skin ◽

Time Curve ◽

Student’S T

Objective: In vitro diffusion experiments were performed to assess the permeation of magnesium sulfate across pig skin. Method: The mean thickness of the dermatomed porcine skin was 648 ± 12 µm. Magnesium concentration was measured using inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy. Transdermal flux of magnesium sulfate across MN-treated and untreated porcine skin was obtained from the slope of the steady-state linear portion of cumulative amount versus time curve. Results: Statistical analysis of the results was done with Student’s t-test. The transdermal flux of magnesium sulfate across microneedle-treated porcine skin was 134.19 ± 2.4 µg/cm2/h and transdermal flux across untreated porcine skin was 4.64 ± 0.05 µg/cm2/h. Confocal microscopy was used to visualize the microchannels created by a solid microneedle roller (500 µm). Conclusion: From our confocal microscopy studies, it was evident that the 500 μm long microneedles disrupted the stratum corneum and created microchannels measuring 191 ± 37 µm. The increase in transdermal flux across the microneedle-treated skin was statistically significant compared to that of controls, i.e., without the application of microneedles. With the application of microneedles, the transdermal flux of magnesium permeated over 12 h was approximately 33-fold higher in comparison to passive diffusion across an intact stratum corneum.