On the Semantics of the Subset Principle

2006 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 195-218 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julien Musolino
Keyword(s):  
Subset Principle

scholarly journals Security of search and verification protocol in multidimensional blockchain

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 793-819
Author(s):  
Ilya Shilov ◽  
Danil Zakoldaev
Keyword(s):  
Connected Graph ◽  
Data Exchange ◽  
Security Evaluation ◽  
Network Graph ◽  
Connected Network ◽  
Subset Principle ◽  
Speed Up ◽  
Evaluation Of Data ◽  
Fully Connected ◽  
Verification Techniques

The issue of secure data exchange and performing external transactions between robust distributed ledgers has recently been among the most significant in the sphere of designing and implementing decentralized technologies. Several approaches have been proposed to speed up the process of verifying transactions on adjacent blockchains. The problem of search has not been under research yet. The paper contains security evaluation of data exchange between independent robust distributed ledgers inside multidimensional blockchain. Main principles, basic steps of the protocol and major requirements for it are observed: centralized approach, subset principle and robust SVP. An equivalence of centralized approach and ideal search and verification functionality is proven. The probability of successful verification in case of using fully connected network graph or equivalent approach with fully connected graph between parent and child blockchain is shown. The insecurity of approach with one-to-one links between child and parent ledgers or with a subset principle is proven. A robust search and verification protocol for blocks and transactions based on the features of robust distributed ledgers is presented. The probability of attack on this protocol is mostly defined by the probability of attack on verification and not on search. An approach to protection against an attacker with 50% of nodes in the network is given. It is based on combination of various search and verification techniques.

De Rol van het Deelverzamelingsprincipe in de Tweede-Taalverwerving.

1988 ◽  
Vol 30 ◽  
pp. 48-57
Author(s):  
Paul van Buren ◽  
Michael Sharwood Smith
Keyword(s):  
Second Language Acquisition ◽  
Language Acquisition ◽  
Input Data ◽  
Negative Evidence ◽  
L2 Acquisition ◽  
Positive Evidence ◽  
Learning Function ◽  
Subset Principle ◽  
Acquisition Strategy ◽  
L1 Acquisition

The subset principle, recently formulated by Wexler and Manzini as a theorem in L1 acquisition, can be roughly described as a learning function linking a set of input data to a grammar G which generates the "smallest language" compatible with such a set. This property of G guarantees that the acquisition process can only take place on the basis of positive evidence; negative evidence thus does not have to play a role. This article discusses the question whether the subset principle also plays a role in the process of second language acquisition. Contrary to what is suggested in the literature it has to be concluded that as an L2 acquisition strategy the subset principle is either redundant or incoherent. The reasoning on which this conclusion is based involves certain implications for the research concerning the problem of overgeneralisation in L2 acquisition.

Infinite Cardinalities, Measuring Knowledge, and Probabilities in Fine-Tuning Arguments

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isaac Choi
Keyword(s):  
Correspondence Principle ◽  
Physical Constant ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Fine Tuning ◽  
Knowledge Level ◽  
Epistemic Probability ◽  
Existence Of God ◽  
Subset Principle ◽  
Infinite Sets ◽  
The One

This chapter deals with two different problems in which infinity plays a central role. It first responds to a claim that infinity renders counting knowledge-level beliefs an infeasible approach to measuring and comparing how much we know. There are two methods of comparing sizes of infinite sets, using the one-to-one correspondence principle or the subset principle, and it argues that we should use the subset principle for measuring knowledge. The chapter then turns to the normalizability and coarse tuning objections to fine-tuning arguments for the existence of God or a multiverse. These objections center on the difficulty of talking about the epistemic probability of a physical constant falling within a finite life-permitting range when the possible range of that constant is infinite. Applying the lessons learned regarding infinity and the measurement of knowledge, the chapter hopes to blunt much of the force of these objections to fine-tuning arguments.

The Subset Principle in phonology: why the tabula can't be rasa

2003 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 219-244 ◽  
Author(s):  
MARK HALE ◽  
CHARLES REISS
Keyword(s):  
Language Acquisition ◽  
Logical Necessity ◽  
Empirical Results ◽  
Innate Knowledge ◽  
Subset Principle

We demonstrate the logical necessity of assuming innate knowledge for language acquisition using toy grammars. The implications are applied to reconceptualizing the Subset Principle in terms of features, rather than, say, segments. Both syntactic and phonological issues are discussed, but the focus is on the acquisition of phonological inventories. We point out that our logical arguments converge with recent empirical results.

A study of the L2 acquisition of English reflexives

1990 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 60-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
Makiko Hirakawa
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
Universal Grammar ◽  
L2 Acquisition ◽  
Japanese Learners Of English ◽  
A Value ◽  
Subset Principle ◽  
Parameter Resetting ◽  
Japanese Learners ◽  
Two Parameters ◽  
Syntactic Properties

This paper reports on an experimental study which was conducted to examine how native speakers of Japanese acquire syntactic properties of English reflexive pronouns. In particular, the effects of two parameters of Universal Grammar, the Governing Category Parameter and the Proper Antecedent Parameter (Wexler and Manzini, 1987), were studied. The Governing Category Parameter has five values, of which Manzini and Wexler suggest that English represents the most unmarked value while Japanese and Korean represent the most marked one. In a learning situation where the L 1 is marked and the L2 is unmarked, we may ask whether learners observe the Subset Principle and successfully acquire the correct L2 value or whether they wrongly transfer their L1 value to the L2 grammar, or assume a value in between, as found by Finer and Broselow (1986). An experimental study was conducted to examine how Japanese learners of English set values of the above parameters. Results suggest that the L2 learners transferred their L1 parameter setting, leading to transfer errors; i.e., non-operation of the Subset Principle. However, I suggest that parameter resetting is possible, at least for some learners.

scholarly journals The Subset Principle in syntax: costs of compliance

2005 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 513-569 ◽  
Author(s):  
JANET DEAN FODOR ◽  
WILLIAM GREGORY SAKAS
Keyword(s):  
Language Acquisition ◽  
Computational Linguistics ◽  
Incremental Learning ◽  
Computational Load ◽  
Learning Speed ◽  
Syntax Acquisition ◽  
Subset Principle ◽  
Memory Resources

Following Hale & Reiss' paper on the Subset Principle (SP) in phonology, we draw attention here to some unsolved problems in the application of SP to syntax acquisition. While noting connections to formal results in computational linguistics, our focus is on how SP could be implemented in a way that is both linguistically well-grounded and psychologically feasible. We concentrate on incremental learning (with no memory for past inputs), which is now widely assumed in psycholinguistics. However, in investigating its interactions with SP, we uncover the rather startling fact that incremental learning and SP are incompatible, given other standard assumptions. We set out some ideas for ways in which they might be reconciled. Some seem more promising than others, but all appear to carry severe costs in terms of computational load, learning speed or memory resources. The penalty for disobeying SP has long been understood. In future language acquisition research it will be important to address the costs of obeying SP.

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