scholarly journals The tolerance to hypoxia is defined by a time-sensitive response of the gene regulatory network in sea urchin embryos

Development ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. dev.195859
Author(s):  
Majed Layous ◽  
Lama Khalaily ◽  
Tsvia Gildor ◽  
Smadar Ben-Tabou de-Leon
Keyword(s):  
Early Development ◽  
Sea Urchin ◽  
Regulatory Networks ◽  
Normal Development ◽  
Axis Formation ◽  
Oxygen Level ◽  
Sea Urchin Embryo ◽  
Tolerance To Hypoxia ◽  
Vegf Pathway ◽  
Gene Regulatory

Deoxygenation, the reduction of oxygen level in the oceans induced by global warming and anthropogenic disturbances, is a major threat to marine life. This change in oxygen level could be especially harmful to marine embryos that utilize endogenous hypoxia and redox gradients as morphogens during normal development. Here we show that the tolerance to hypoxic conditions changes between different developmental stages of the sea urchin embryo, possibly due to the structure of the gene regulatory networks (GRNs). We demonstrate that during normal development, bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) pathway restricts the activity of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) pathway to two lateral domains and by that controls proper skeletal patterning. Hypoxia applied during early development strongly perturbs the activity of Nodal and BMP pathways that affect VEGF pathway, dorsal-ventral (DV) and skeletogenic patterning. These pathways are largely unaffected by hypoxia applied after DV-axis formation. We propose that the use of redox and hypoxia as morphogens makes the sea urchin embryo highly sensitive to environmental hypoxia during early development, but the GRN structure provides higher tolerance to hypoxia at later stages.

scholarly journals The tolerance to hypoxia is defined by a time-sensitive response of the gene regulatory network in sea urchin embryos

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Majed Layous ◽  
Lama Khalaily ◽  
Tsvia Gildor ◽  
Smadar Ben-Tabou de-Leon
Keyword(s):  
Gene Regulatory Network ◽  
Early Development ◽  
Sea Urchin ◽  
Regulatory Network ◽  
Normal Development ◽  
Oxygen Level ◽  
Sea Urchin Embryo ◽  
Tolerance To Hypoxia ◽  
Vegf Pathway ◽  
Gene Regulatory

AbstractDeoxygenation, the reduction of oxygen level in the oceans induced by global warming and anthropogenic disturbances, is a major threat to marine life. This change in oxygen level could be especially harmful to marine embryos that utilize endogenous hypoxia and redox gradients as morphogens during normal development. Here we show that the tolerance to hypoxic conditions changes between different developmental stages of the sea urchin embryo, due to the structure of the gene regulatory networks (GRNs). We demonstrate that during normal development, bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) pathway restricts the activity of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) pathway to two lateral domains and by that controls proper skeletal patterning. Hypoxia applied during early development strongly perturbs the activity of Nodal and BMP pathways that affect VEGF pathway, dorsal-ventral (DV) and skeletogenic patterning. These pathways are largely unaffected by hypoxia applied after DV axis formation. We propose that the use of redox and hypoxia as morphogens makes the sea urchin embryo highly sensitive to environmental hypoxia during early development, but the GRN structure provides higher tolerance to hypoxia at later stages.Summary statementThe use of hypoxia and redox gradients as morphogens makes sea urchin early development sensitive to environmental hypoxia. This sensitivity decreases later, due to the structure of the gene regulatory network.

scholarly journals Specific functions of the Wnt signaling system in gene regulatory networks throughout the early sea urchin embryo

2014 ◽  
Vol 111 (47) ◽  
pp. E5029-E5038 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miao Cui ◽  
Natnaree Siriwon ◽  
Enhu Li ◽  
Eric H. Davidson ◽  
Isabelle S. Peter
Keyword(s):  
Wnt Signaling ◽  
Sea Urchin ◽  
Gene Regulatory Networks ◽  
Regulatory Networks ◽  
Signaling System ◽  
Sea Urchin Embryo ◽  
Gene Regulatory

scholarly journals Gene regulatory networks and developmental plasticity in the early sea urchin embryo: alternative deployment of the skeletogenic gene regulatory network

Development ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 134 (17) ◽  
pp. 3077-3087 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. A. Ettensohn ◽  
C. Kitazawa ◽  
M. S. Cheers ◽  
J. D. Leonard ◽  
T. Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Gene Regulatory Network ◽  
Sea Urchin ◽  
Gene Regulatory Networks ◽  
Regulatory Network ◽  
Regulatory Networks ◽  
Developmental Plasticity ◽  
Sea Urchin Embryo ◽  
Gene Regulatory

scholarly journals Developmental single-cell transcriptomics in the Lytechinus variegatus sea urchin embryo

Development ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdull J. Massri ◽  
Laura Greenstreet ◽  
Anton Afanassiev ◽  
Alejandro Berrio ◽  
Gregory A. Wray ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sea Urchin ◽  
Regulatory Networks ◽  
Developmental Trajectories ◽  
Primordial Germ Cell ◽  
Equatorial Region ◽  
Lytechinus Variegatus ◽  
Sea Urchin Embryo ◽  
Transcriptional Changes ◽  
Gene Regulatory ◽  
Cell Trajectories

Using scRNA-seq coupled with computational approaches, we studied transcriptional changes in cell states of sea urchin embryos during development to the larval stage. Eighteen closely spaced time points were taken during the first 24 hours of development of Lytechinus variegatus (Lv). Developmental trajectories were constructed using Waddington-OT, a computational approach to "stitch" together developmental timepoints. Skeletogenic and primordial germ cell trajectories diverged early in cleavage. Ectodermal progenitors were distinct from other lineages by sixth cleavage, though a small percentage of ectoderm cells briefly co-expressed endoderm markers indicating an early ecto-endoderm cell state, likely in cells originating from the equatorial region of the egg. Endomesoderm cells originated at 6th cleavage also and this state persisted for more than two cleavages, then diverged into distinct endoderm and mesoderm fates asynchronously, with some cells retaining an intermediate specification status until gastrulation. 79 of 80 genes (99%) examined, and included in published developmental gene regulatory networks (dGRNs), are present in the Lv-scRNA-seq dataset, and expressed in the correct lineages in which the dGRN circuits operate.

scholarly journals Systematic comparison of sea urchin and sea star developmental gene regulatory networks explains how novelty is incorporated in early development

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory A. Cary ◽  
Brenna S. McCauley ◽  
Olga Zueva ◽  
Joseph Pattinato ◽  
William Longabaugh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Early Development ◽  
Sea Urchin ◽  
Gene Regulatory Networks ◽  
Regulatory Networks ◽  
Morphological Diversity ◽  
Sea Star ◽  
Animal Diversity ◽  
Evolutionarily Conserved ◽  
Overall Stability ◽  
Gene Regulatory

AbstractThe extensive array of morphological diversity among animal taxa represents the product of millions of years of evolution. Morphology is the output of development, therefore phenotypic evolution arises from changes to the topology of the gene regulatory networks (GRNs) that control the highly coordinated process of embryogenesis. A particular challenge in understanding the origins of animal diversity lies in determining how GRNs incorporate novelty while preserving the overall stability of the network, and hence, embryonic viability. Here we assemble a comprehensive GRN for endomesoderm specification in the sea star from zygote through gastrulation that corresponds to the GRN for sea urchin development of equivalent territories and stages. Comparison of the GRNs identifies how novelty is incorporated in early development. We show how the GRN is resilient to the introduction of a transcription factor, pmar1, the inclusion of which leads to a switch between two stable modes of Delta-Notch signaling. Signaling pathways can function in multiple modes and we propose that GRN changes that lead to switches between modes may be a common evolutionary mechanism for changes in embryogenesis. Our data additionally proposes a model in which evolutionarily conserved network motifs, or kernels, may function throughout development to stabilize these signaling transitions.

scholarly journals Spdeadringer, a sea urchin embryo gene required separately in skeletogenic and oral ectoderm gene regulatory networks

2003 ◽  
Vol 261 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriele Amore ◽  
Robert G Yavrouian ◽  
Kevin J Peterson ◽  
Andrew Ransick ◽  
David R McClay ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sea Urchin ◽  
Gene Regulatory Networks ◽  
Regulatory Networks ◽  
Sea Urchin Embryo ◽  
Oral Ectoderm ◽  
Gene Regulatory

scholarly journals Deployment of a retinal determination gene network drives directed cell migration in the sea urchin embryo

eLife ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Megan L Martik ◽  
David R McClay
Keyword(s):  
Sea Urchin ◽  
Biological Networks ◽  
Regulatory Networks ◽  
Regulatory Control ◽  
Directed Cell Migration ◽  
Multipotent Progenitors ◽  
Retinal Determination ◽  
Sea Urchin Embryo ◽  
Gene Regulatory ◽  
Retinal Determination Gene Network

Gene regulatory networks (GRNs) provide a systems-level orchestration of an organism's genome encoded anatomy. As biological networks are revealed, they continue to answer many questions including knowledge of how GRNs control morphogenetic movements and how GRNs evolve. The migration of the small micromeres to the coelomic pouches in the sea urchin embryo provides an exceptional model for understanding the genomic regulatory control of morphogenesis. An assay using the robust homing potential of these cells reveals a ‘coherent feed-forward’ transcriptional subcircuit composed of Pax6, Six3, Six1/2, Eya, and Dach1 that is responsible for the directed homing mechanism of these multipotent progenitors. The linkages of that circuit are strikingly similar to a circuit involved in retinal specification in Drosophila suggesting that systems-level tasks can be highly conserved even though the tasks drive unrelated processes in different animals.

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