scholarly journals A Simple Method of Measuring the Particle Size of a Chloride Aerosol.

1955 ◽  
Vol 76 (4) ◽  
pp. 466-468 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isamu Sano ◽  
Yoshiyasu Fujitani ◽  
Ken Sugiyama
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Simple Method

Formulation and Evaluation of Atenolol Nanocrystals Using 3(2) Full Factorial Design

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 306-315
Author(s):  
Rupa Mazumder ◽  
Swarnali Das Paul
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Zeta Potential ◽  
Organic Solvent ◽  
Factorial Design ◽  
Goodness Of Fit ◽  
Production Yield ◽  
Pharmacokinetic Property ◽  
Potential Yield ◽  
Simple Method ◽  
Pure Drug

Background: Atenolol is a commonly used antihypertensive drug of class III BCS category. It suffers from the problem of poor intestinal absorption or permeability thus low bioavailability. The objective of the present study was to enhance the permeability of atenolol by using a suitable technique, which is economical and devoid of using any organic solvent. Methods: The nanocrystal technology by high-pressure homogenization was chosen for this purpose, which is a less expensive and simple method. In this technique, no organic solvent was used. The study was further aimed to characterize prepared nanocrystals in the solid state by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Powder X-Ray Diffraction (PXRD) patterns, particle size, zeta potential, %yield and drug permeation study through isolated goat’s intestine. An in-vivo study was carried out to determine the pharmacokinetic property in comparison to pure drug powder using rats as experimental animals. The formulation design was optimized by a 3(2) factorial design. In these designs, two factors namely surfactant amount (X1) and speed of homogenizer (X2) were evaluated on three dependent variables namely particle size (y1), zeta potential (y2) and production yield (y3). Results: PXRD study indicated the presence of high crystal content in the prepared formulation. These nanocrystal formulations were found with a narrow size range from 125 nm to 652 nm and positive zeta potential of 16-18 mV. Optimized formulations showed almost 90% production yield. Permeability study revealed 90.88% drug release for optimized formulation in comparison to the pure drug (31.22%). The FTIR study also exposed that there was no disturbance in the principal peaks of the pure drug atenolol. This confirmed the integrity of the pure drug and its compatibility with the excipients used. A significant increase in the area under the concentration-time curve Cpmax and MRT for nanocrystals was observed in comparison to the pure drug. The higher values of the determination coefficient (R2) of all three parameters indicated the goodness of fit of the 3(2) factorial model. The factorial analysis also revealed that speed of homogenizer had a bigger effect on particle size (-0.2812), zeta potential (-0.0004) and production yield (0.0192) whereas amount of surfactant had a lesser effect on production yield (-370.4401), zeta potential (-43.3651) as well as particle size (-6169.2601). Conclusion: It is concluded that the selected method of nanocrystal formation and its further optimization by factorial design was effective to increase the solubility, as well as permeability of atenolol. Further, the systematic approach of factorial design provides rational evaluation and prediction of nanocrystals formulation on the selected limited number of smart experimentation.

A simple method to controlled synthesis of nano hydroxyapatite in different particle size

2018 ◽  
Vol 217 ◽  
pp. 177-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei Liu ◽  
Gongming Qian ◽  
Lulu Liu ◽  
Bo Zhang ◽  
Xianyuan Fan
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Controlled Synthesis ◽  
Simple Method

PENGARUH LAJU PREKURSOR SERBUK ALUMINIUM TERHADAP BENTUK MORFOLOGI NANOPARTIKEL ALUMINA DENGAN METODE THERMAL PLASMA

ROTOR ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 17
Author(s):  
Havid Arifian Rochman ◽  
Arief Ginanjar Dirgantara ◽  
Salahudin Junus ◽  
Imam Sholahuddin ◽  
Aris Zainul Muttaqin
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Aluminum Powder ◽  
Thermal Plasma ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Average Particle Size ◽  
Alumina Nanoparticles ◽  
Rate Variation ◽  
Average Particle ◽  
Dc Plasma ◽  
Simple Method

The synthesis of nanoparticles using thermal DC plasma method is a simple method for ease of installation and high efficiency is due to the rate of precursor that can be controlled. Micro-sized aluminum powder is synthesized using thermal DC plasma undergoing a process of evaporation as it passes through high temperature plasma flame, where kemuadian oxidized aluminum particles which evaporates the particles are split and binds with oxygen to form aluminum oxide or also known as alumina (Al2O3). In this experiment, the flow rate of oxygen plasma parameters at 35 SCFH (Standard Cubic Feet per Hour) and 20 amperes flows with precursors rate variation of 1.16 g / min, 3.19 g / min, and 3.5 g / min. Precursors used is 88 micro sized aluminum powder. To determine the morphology of nanoparticles of alumina testing scanning electron microscopy (SEM), the morphology form of nanosphere. Results of the analysis showed that the rate of precursor low causing agglomeration level slightly while the higher rate of precursor agglomeration rate also increased. At the rate of precursor 1.16 g / min, nanoparikel undergo agglomeration with an average particle size of 36.55 nm, and then at a rate of 3.19 gr precursor / mnt an average particle size of 46.49 nm, and at a rate of 3.5 gr / mnt an average particle size of 46.49 nm. The powder nanoparticles were then characterized using X-ray defraksi (XRD) where all alumina nanoparticles were synthesized showed alumina phase that is formed is a phase δ-Al2O3. Keywords: Alumina nanoparticles, DC Thermal Plasma, morphology, precursor rate, nanoparticles size, SEM, XRD.

Comparison of Metal-Oxide Nanoparticle Formation in the Cu and Sn Thin Films by the Reaction with Polyimide

2004 ◽  
Vol 449-452 ◽  
pp. 1237-1240 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hwan Pil Park ◽  
Yoon Chung ◽  
Chong Seung Yoon ◽  
Sung Su Jo ◽  
Young Ho Kim
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Particle Size Distribution ◽  
Metal Oxide ◽  
Size Distribution ◽  
Metal Oxide Nanoparticles ◽  
Metal Films ◽  
Simple Method ◽  
Polyamic Acid ◽  
Cu Films ◽  
Cu Film

We developed a simple method of producing metal oxide nanoparticles by reacting a polyamic acid (PAA) with Cu or Sn metal films. Respective particle size, distribution, and morphology were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The morphology of metal oxides dispersed in the polyimide is different in Cu and Sn metal films. The Cu2O particles were formed by the dissolution reaction between the polyamic acid and the Cu films. During curing, PAA dehydrates and converts to polyimide, accompanied by precipitation of Cu2O particles. The synthesized Cu2O particles were randomly dispersed within the polyimide. And their particle size was relatively uniform, having a narrow distribution. Mostly nanosize Cu2O particles were formed in the specimen made from 10 nm thick Cu film and the mixture of nanosize particles and Cu layers were observed in the 30 nm thick Cu film. On the other hands, the Sn film undergoes surface reaction with the polyamic acid. Therefore, the synthesized SnO2 particles existed only at the surface of the substrate. SnO2 particle size distribution was not uniform in the polyimide. Although particles were not distributed uniformly in the polyimide, they were confined in a monolayer. The different particle distributions were attributed to the reactivity difference of PAA with Cu and Sn films.

Titanate Ceramics from Wet-Chemically Prepared Powders

1994 ◽  
Vol 346 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.H. Lin ◽  
T.S. Yan
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Size Composition ◽  
Dissipation Factor ◽  
Simple Method ◽  
Chemically Reacting ◽  
Titanate Ceramics ◽  
Sintering Method ◽  
By Products

ABSTRACTA simple method of producing very fine, homogeneous BaxSr1-xTiO3 powders was developed in this study by wet-chemically reacting Ti(0H)4-xH2O, Ba(OH)2, and Sr(OH)2 as raw materials under 100°C. Relationships were obtained between particle size, composition, and reaction temperatures, reaction tunes, Sr/Ba ratios, and (Ba+Sr)/Ti ratios of the solution.Experimental results indicated that the particle size, which was around 40 nm, was both proportional to the reaction temperature as well as independant of the reaction time. In light of the varying reactivities of Ba and Sr towards Ti, reaction time was found to be a primary factor which controls the precise Ba/Sr ratio and (Ba+Sr)/Ti ratio of the titanate powder. A suitable reaction condition was observed to have prevented by-products Ba6Ti17O40 or Ba2Ti04 from being formed.The titanate powders were compressed and sintered for various temperatures. The compressibility and the sinterability of the powders were obtained. The microstrucure, dielectric constant and dissipation factor of the titanate ceramics ware observed and measured. These values sufficiently correlated with those of the titanate ceramics produced from the powders by the solid-state sintering method.

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