The Effects of Dietary Nitrate Supplementation on Time Trial Performance in Trained Cyclists

While the majority of studies reporting ergogenic effects of dietary nitrate have used a multiday supplementation protocol, some studies suggest that a single dose of dietary nitrate before exercise can also improve subsequent performance. We aimed to compare the impact of acute and 6-day sodium nitrate supplementation on oxygen uptake (V̇O2) and time-trial performance in trained cyclists. Using a randomized, double-blind, cross-over design, 17 male cyclists (25 ± 4 y, V̇O2peak 65 ± 4 ml·kg-1·min-1, Wmax 411 ± 35 W) were subjected to 3 different trials; 5 days placebo and 1 day sodium nitrate supplementation (1-DAY); 6 days sodium nitrate supplementation (6-DAY); 6 days placebo supplementation (PLA). Nitrate was administered as 1097 mg sodium nitrate providing 800 mg (~12.9 mmol) nitrate per day. Three hours after ingestion of the last supplemental bolus, indirect calorimetry was performed while subjects performed 30 min of exercise at 45% Wmax and 30 min at 65% Wmax on a cycle ergometer, followed by a 10 km time-trial. Immediately before exercise, plasma [nitrate] and [nitrite] increased to a similar extent during the 6-DAY and 1-DAY trial, but not with PLA (plasma nitrite: 501 ± 205, 553 ± 278, and 239 ± 74 nM, respectively; p < .001). No differences were observed between interventions in V̇O2 during submaximal exercise, or in time to complete the time-trial (6-DAY: 1004 ± 61, 1-DAY: 1022 ± 72, PLA: 1017 ± 71 s; p = .28). We conclude that both acute and 6-days of sodium nitrate supplementation do not alter V̇O2 during submaximal exercise or improve time-trial performance in highly trained cyclists, despite increasing plasma [nitrate] and [nitrite].

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EFFECTS OF DIETARY NITRATE SUPPLEMENTATION ON 5 KM RUNNING TIME TRIAL PERFORMANCE IN TRAINED FEMALE RUNNERS

British Journal of Sports Medicine ◽

10.1136/bjsports-2013-093073.8 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 47 (17) ◽

pp. e4.52-e4

Author(s):

R Lanceley ◽

M Ranchordas ◽

A Ruddock

Keyword(s):

Time Trial ◽

Dietary Nitrate ◽

Running Time ◽

Time Trial Performance ◽

Nitrate Supplementation ◽

Trial Performance

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Dietary nitrate supplementation does not improve cycling time-trial performance in the heat

Journal of Sports Sciences ◽

10.1080/02640414.2017.1364404 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 36 (11) ◽

pp. 1204-1211 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Georgina L. Kent ◽

Brian Dawson ◽

Gregory R. Cox ◽

Louise M. Burke ◽

Annette Eastwood ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Time Trial ◽

Dietary Nitrate ◽

Time Trial Performance ◽

Cycling Time Trial ◽

Nitrate Supplementation ◽

Cycling Time ◽

Trial Performance

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Dietary nitrate supplementation enhances short but not longer duration running time-trial performance

European Journal of Applied Physiology ◽

10.1007/s00421-017-3580-6 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 117 (4) ◽

pp. 775-785 ◽

Cited By ~ 29

Author(s):

Oliver Michael Shannon ◽

Matthew John Barlow ◽

Lauren Duckworth ◽

Emily Williams ◽

Georgina Wort ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Time Trial ◽

Dietary Nitrate ◽

Running Time ◽

Time Trial Performance ◽

Nitrate Supplementation ◽

Trial Performance

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Influence of acute dietary nitrate supplementation on 50 mile time trial performance in well-trained cyclists

European Journal of Applied Physiology ◽

10.1007/s00421-012-2397-6 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 112 (12) ◽

pp. 4127-4134 ◽

Cited By ~ 122

Author(s):

Daryl P. Wilkerson ◽

Giles M. Hayward ◽

Stephen J. Bailey ◽

Anni Vanhatalo ◽

Jamie R. Blackwell ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Time Trial ◽

Dietary Nitrate ◽

Time Trial Performance ◽

Nitrate Supplementation ◽

Trial Performance

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Effects of Dietary Nitrate, Caffeine, and Their Combination on 20-km Cycling Time Trial Performance

The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research ◽

10.1519/jsc.0000000000000596 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 29 (1) ◽

pp. 165-174 ◽

Cited By ~ 32

Author(s):

Mark Glaister ◽

John R. Pattison ◽

Daniel Muniz-Pumares ◽

Stephen D. Patterson ◽

Paul Foley

Keyword(s):

Time Trial ◽

Dietary Nitrate ◽

Time Trial Performance ◽

Cycling Time Trial ◽

Cycling Time ◽

Trial Performance

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Nitrate Supplementation’s Improvement of 10-km Time-Trial Performance in Trained Cyclists

International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism ◽

10.1123/ijsnem.22.1.64 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 22 (1) ◽

pp. 64-71 ◽

Cited By ~ 182

Author(s):

Naomi M. Cermak ◽

Martin J. Gibala ◽

Luc J.C. van Loon

Keyword(s):

Repeated Measures ◽

Time Trial ◽

Submaximal Exercise ◽

Beetroot Juice ◽

Limited Data ◽

Double Blind ◽

Time Trial Performance ◽

Ergogenic Effects ◽

Nitrate Supplementation ◽

Trial Performance

Six days of dietary nitrate supplementation in the form of beetroot juice (~0.5 L/d) has been reported to reduce pulmonary oxygen uptake (VO2) during submaximal exercise and increase tolerance of high-intensity work rates, suggesting that nitrate can be a potent ergogenic aid. Limited data are available regarding the effect of nitrate ingestion on athletic performance, and no study has investigated the potential ergogenic effects of a small-volume, concentrated dose of beetroot juice. The authors tested the hypothesis that 6 d of nitrate ingestion would improve time-trial performance in trained cyclists. Using a double-blind, repeated-measures crossover design, 12 male cyclists (31 ± 3 yr, VO2peak = 58 ± 2 ml · kg−1 · min−1, maximal power [Wmax] = 342 ± 10 W) ingested 140 ml/d of concentrated beetroot (~8 mmol/d nitrate) juice (BEET) or a placebo (nitrate-depleted beetroot juice; PLAC) for 6 d, separated by a 14-d washout. After supplementation on Day 6, subjects performed 60 min of submaximal cycling (2 × 30 min at 45% and 65% Wmax, respectively), followed by a 10-km time trial. Time-trial performance (953 ± 18 vs. 965 ± 18 s, p < .005) and power output (294 ± 12 vs. 288 ± 12 W, p < .05) improved after BEET compared with PLAC supplementation. Submaximal VO2 was lower after BEET (45% Wmax = 1.92 ± 0.06 vs. 2.02 ± 0.09 L/min, 65% Wmax 2.94 ± 0.12 vs. 3.11 ± 0.12 L/min) than with PLAC (main effect, p < .05). Wholebody fuel selection and plasma lactate, glucose, and insulin concentrations did not differ between treatments. Six days of nitrate supplementation reduced VO2 during submaximal exercise and improved time-trial performance in trained cyclists.

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Effects of Dietary Nitrates on Time Trial Performance in Athletes with Different Training Status: Systematic Review

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu12092734 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (9) ◽

pp. 2734

Author(s):

Tomáš Hlinský ◽

Michal Kumstát ◽

Petr Vajda

Keyword(s):

Nitric Oxide ◽

Time Trial ◽

Muscle Fibres ◽

Strong Positive Correlation ◽

Training Status ◽

Eligibility Criteria ◽

Dietary Nitrate ◽

Time Trial Performance ◽

Improved Performance ◽

Trial Performance

Much research has been done in sports nutrition in recent years as the demand for performance-enhancing substances increases. Higher intake of nitrates from the diet can increase the bioavailability of nitric oxide (NO) via the nitrate–nitrite–NO pathway. Nevertheless, the increased availability of NO does not always lead to improved performance in some individuals. This review aims to evaluate the relationship between the athlete’s training status and the change in time trial performance after increased dietary nitrate intake. Articles indexed by Scopus and PubMed published from 2015 to 2019 were reviewed. Thirteen articles met the eligibility criteria: clinical trial studies on healthy participants with different training status (according to VO2max), conducting time trial tests after dietary nitrate supplementation. The PRISMA guidelines were followed to process the review. We found a statistically significant relationship between VO2max and ergogenicity in time trial performance using one-way ANOVA (p = 0.001) in less-trained athletes (VO2 < 55 mL/kg/min). A strong positive correlation was observed in experimental situations using a chronic supplementation protocol but not in acute protocol situations. In the context of our results and recent histological observations of muscle fibres, there might be a fibre-type specific role in nitric oxide production and, therefore, supplement of ergogenicity.

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