Nitrate Supplementation’s Improvement of 10-km Time-Trial Performance in Trained Cyclists

2012 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 64-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naomi M. Cermak ◽  
Martin J. Gibala ◽  
Luc J.C. van Loon
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
Submaximal Exercise ◽  
Beetroot Juice ◽  
Limited Data ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Time Trial Performance ◽  
Ergogenic Effects ◽  
Nitrate Supplementation ◽  
Trial Performance

Six days of dietary nitrate supplementation in the form of beetroot juice (~0.5 L/d) has been reported to reduce pulmonary oxygen uptake (VO2) during submaximal exercise and increase tolerance of high-intensity work rates, suggesting that nitrate can be a potent ergogenic aid. Limited data are available regarding the effect of nitrate ingestion on athletic performance, and no study has investigated the potential ergogenic effects of a small-volume, concentrated dose of beetroot juice. The authors tested the hypothesis that 6 d of nitrate ingestion would improve time-trial performance in trained cyclists. Using a double-blind, repeated-measures crossover design, 12 male cyclists (31 ± 3 yr, VO2peak = 58 ± 2 ml · kg−1 · min−1, maximal power [Wmax] = 342 ± 10 W) ingested 140 ml/d of concentrated beetroot (~8 mmol/d nitrate) juice (BEET) or a placebo (nitrate-depleted beetroot juice; PLAC) for 6 d, separated by a 14-d washout. After supplementation on Day 6, subjects performed 60 min of submaximal cycling (2 × 30 min at 45% and 65% Wmax, respectively), followed by a 10-km time trial. Time-trial performance (953 ± 18 vs. 965 ± 18 s, p < .005) and power output (294 ± 12 vs. 288 ± 12 W, p < .05) improved after BEET compared with PLAC supplementation. Submaximal VO2 was lower after BEET (45% Wmax = 1.92 ± 0.06 vs. 2.02 ± 0.09 L/min, 65% Wmax 2.94 ± 0.12 vs. 3.11 ± 0.12 L/min) than with PLAC (main effect, p < .05). Wholebody fuel selection and plasma lactate, glucose, and insulin concentrations did not differ between treatments. Six days of nitrate supplementation reduced VO2 during submaximal exercise and improved time-trial performance in trained cyclists.

No Improvement in Endurance Performance after a Single Dose of Beetroot Juice

2012 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 470-478 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naomi M. Cermak ◽  
Peter Res ◽  
Rudi Stinkens ◽  
Jon O. Lundberg ◽  
Martin J. Gibala ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
Endurance Performance ◽  
Beetroot Juice ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Single Bolus ◽  
Time Trial Performance ◽  
Subsequent Time ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Trial Performance

Introduction:Dietary nitrate supplementation has received much attention in the literature due to its proposed ergogenic properties. Recently, the ingestion of a single bolus of nitrate-rich beetroot juice (500 ml, ~6.2 mmol NO3−) was reported to improve subsequent time-trial performance. However, this large volume of ingested beetroot juice does not represent a realistic dietary strategy for athletes to follow in a practical, performancebased setting. Therefore, we investigated the impact of ingesting a single bolus of concentrated nitrate-rich beetroot juice (140 ml, ~8.7 mmol NO3−) on subsequent 1-hr time-trial performance in well-trained cyclists.Methods:Using a double-blind, repeated-measures crossover design (1-wk washout period), 20 trained male cyclists (26 ± 1 yr, VO2peak 60 ± 1 ml · kg−1 · min−1, Wmax 398 ± 7.7 W) ingested 140 ml of concentrated beetroot juice (8.7 mmol NO3−; BEET) or a placebo (nitrate-depleted beetroot juice; PLAC) with breakfast 2.5 hr before an ~1-hr cycling time trial (1,073 ± 21 kJ). Resting blood samples were collected every 30 min after BEET or PLAC ingestion and immediately after the time trial.Results:Plasma nitrite concentration was higher in BEET than PLAC before the onset of the time trial (532 ± 32 vs. 271 ± 13 nM, respectively; p < .001), but subsequent time-trial performance (65.5 ± 1.1 vs. 65 ± 1.1 s), power output (275 ± 7 vs. 278 ± 7 W), and heart rate (170 ± 2 vs. 170 ± 2 beats/min) did not differ between BEET and PLAC treatments (all p > .05).Conclusion:Ingestion of a single bolus of concentrated (140 ml) beetroot juice (8.7 mmol NO3−) does not improve subsequent 1-hr time-trial performance in well-trained cyclists.

Time-Trial Performance in World-Class Speed Skaters After Chronic Nitrate Ingestion

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 1317-1323 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philippe Richard ◽  
Lymperis P. Koziris ◽  
Mathieu Charbonneau ◽  
Catherine Naulleau ◽  
Jonathan Tremblay ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Recovery Period ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Limited Data ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Time Trial Performance ◽  
World Class ◽  
Nitrate Supplementation ◽  
Nitrate And Nitrite ◽  
Trial Performance

Purpose: Nitrate supplementation can increase tolerance to high-intensity work rates; however, limited data exist on the recovery of performance. The authors tested whether 5 d of nitrate supplementation could improve repeated time-trial performance in speed skating. Methods: Using a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover design, 9 international-level short-track speed skaters ingested 1 high (juice blend, ∼6.5 mmol nitrate; HI) or low dose (juice blend, ∼1 mmol nitrate; LO) per day on days 1–4. After a double dose of either HI or LO on day 5, athletes performed 2 on-ice 1000-m time trials, separated by 35 min, to simulate competition races. Differences between HI and LO were compared with the smallest practically important difference. Results: Salivary [nitrate] and [nitrite] were higher in HI than LO before the first (nitrate: 81%, effect size [ES]: 1.76; nitrite: 72%, ES: 1.73) and second pursuits (nitrate: 81%, ES: 1.92; nitrite: 71%, ES: 1.78). However, there was no difference in performance in the first (LO: 90.92 [4.08] s; HI: 90.95 [4.06] s, ES: 0.01) or the second time trial (LO: 91.16 [4.06] s; HI: 91.55 [4.40] s, ES: 0.09). Plasma [lactate] measured after the trials (LO: 14.8 [1.1] mM; HI: 14.8 [1.2] mM, ES: 0.01) and at the end of the recovery period (LO: 9.8 [2.1] mM; HI: 10.2 [1.9] mM, ES: 0.05) was not different between treatments. Conclusion: Five days of high-dose nitrate supplementation did not change physiological responses and failed to improve single and repeated time-trial performances in world-class short-track speed skaters. These data suggest that nitrate ingestion up to 6.5 mmol does not enhance recovery from supramaximal exercise in world-class athletes.

Cycling Time Trial Performance 4 Hours After Glycogen-Lowering Exercise Is Similarly Enhanced by Recovery Nondairy Chocolate Beverages Versus Chocolate Milk

2016 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam U. Upshaw ◽  
Tiffany S. Wong ◽  
Arash Bandegan ◽  
Peter W.R. Lemon
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
Chocolate Milk ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Time Trial Performance ◽  
Cycling Time Trial ◽  
Repeated Measures Design ◽  
Dairy Milk ◽  
Cycling Time ◽  
Trial Performance

Postexercise chocolate milk ingestion has been shown to enhance both glycogen resynthesis and subsequent exercise performance. To assess whether nondairy chocolate beverage ingestion post–glycogen-lowering exercise can enhance 20-km cycling time trial performance 4 hr later, eight healthy trained male cyclists (21.8 ± 2.3y, VO2max = 61.2 ± 1.4 ml·kg-1·min-1; M ± SD) completed a series of intense cycling intervals designed to lower muscle glycogen (Jentjens & Jeukendrup, 2003) followed by 4 hr of recovery and a subsequent 20-km cycling time trial. During the first 2 hr of recovery, participants ingested chocolate dairy milk (DAIRYCHOC), chocolate soy beverage (SOYCHOC), chocolate hemp beverage (HEMPCHOC), low-fat dairy milk (MILK), or a low-energy artificially sweetened, flavored beverage (PLACEBO) at 30-min intervals in a double-blind, counterbalanced repeated-measures design. All drinks, except the PLACEBO (247 kJ) were isoenergetic (2,107 kJ), and all chocolate-flavored drinks provided 1-g CHO·kg body mass-1·h-1. Fluid intake across treatments was equalized (2,262 ± 148 ml) by ingesting appropriate quantities of water based on drink intake. The CHO:PRO ratio was 4:1, 1.5:1, 4:1, and 6:1 for DAIRYCHOC, MILK, SOYCHOC, and HEMPCHOC, respectively. One-way analysis of variance with repeated measures showed time trial performance (DAIRYCHOC = 34.58 ± 2.5 min, SOYCHOC = 34.83 ± 2.2 min, HEMPCHOC = 34.88 ± 1.1 min, MILK = 34.47 ± 1.7 min) was enhanced similarly vs PLACEBO (37.85 ± 2.1) for all treatments (p = .019) These data suggest that postexercise macronutrient and total energy intake are more important for same-day 20-km cycling time trial performance after glycogen-lowering exercise than protein type or protein-to-carbohydrate ratio.

No Effect of Acute and 6-Day Nitrate Supplementation on VO2 and Time-Trial Performance in Highly Trained Cyclists

2017 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean M. Nyakayiru ◽  
Kristin L. Jonvik ◽  
Philippe J.M. Pinckaers ◽  
Joan Senden ◽  
Luc J.C. van Loon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Nitrate ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
Submaximal Exercise ◽  
Dietary Nitrate ◽  
Time Trial Performance ◽  
Nitrate Supplementation ◽  
Plasma Nitrate ◽  
Nitrate And Nitrite ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Trial Performance

While the majority of studies reporting ergogenic effects of dietary nitrate have used a multiday supplementation protocol, some studies suggest that a single dose of dietary nitrate before exercise can also improve subsequent performance. We aimed to compare the impact of acute and 6-day sodium nitrate supplementation on oxygen uptake (V̇O2) and time-trial performance in trained cyclists. Using a randomized, double-blind, cross-over design, 17 male cyclists (25 ± 4 y, V̇O2peak 65 ± 4 ml·kg-1·min-1, Wmax 411 ± 35 W) were subjected to 3 different trials; 5 days placebo and 1 day sodium nitrate supplementation (1-DAY); 6 days sodium nitrate supplementation (6-DAY); 6 days placebo supplementation (PLA). Nitrate was administered as 1097 mg sodium nitrate providing 800 mg (~12.9 mmol) nitrate per day. Three hours after ingestion of the last supplemental bolus, indirect calorimetry was performed while subjects performed 30 min of exercise at 45% Wmax and 30 min at 65% Wmax on a cycle ergometer, followed by a 10 km time-trial. Immediately before exercise, plasma [nitrate] and [nitrite] increased to a similar extent during the 6-DAY and 1-DAY trial, but not with PLA (plasma nitrite: 501 ± 205, 553 ± 278, and 239 ± 74 nM, respectively; p < .001). No differences were observed between interventions in V̇O2 during submaximal exercise, or in time to complete the time-trial (6-DAY: 1004 ± 61, 1-DAY: 1022 ± 72, PLA: 1017 ± 71 s; p = .28). We conclude that both acute and 6-days of sodium nitrate supplementation do not alter V̇O2 during submaximal exercise or improve time-trial performance in highly trained cyclists, despite increasing plasma [nitrate] and [nitrite].

scholarly journals Caffeine, exercise physiology, and time-trial performance: no effect of ADORA2A or CYP1A2 genotypes

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Glaister ◽  
Kiran Chopra ◽  
Ana Pereira De Sena ◽  
Cassie Sternbach ◽  
Liridon Morina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Minute Ventilation ◽  
Physiological Responses ◽  
Exercise Physiology ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
Submaximal Exercise ◽  
Controlled Study ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Time Trial Performance ◽  
Trial Performance

The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of ADORA2A and CYP1A2 genotypes on the physiological and ergogenic effects of caffeine. Sixty-six male cyclists were screened for ADORA2A and CYP1A2 genotypes; with 40 taking part subsequently in a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Trial 1 was used to establish the V̇O2-power output relationship and V̇O2max. In trials 2 and 3, participants ingested 5 mg·kg-1 of caffeine or placebo one hour before completing a submaximal incremental cycling test, followed by a time-trial (~ 30 mins). Relative to placebo, caffeine led to a significant reduction in time to complete the time-trial (caffeine: 29.7 ± 1.8 mins; placebo: 30.8 ± 2.3 mins); but there was no effect of genotype. During submaximal exercise, caffeine reduced mean heart rate by 2.9 ± 3.7 b·min-1, with effects dissipating as exercise intensity increased. Caffeine also significantly reduced perceived exertion by 0.5 ± 0.8, and increased blood lactate by 0.29 ± 0.42 mmol·L-1, respiratory exchange ratio by 0.013 ± 0.032, and minute ventilation by 3.1 ± 6.8 L·min-1. Nonetheless, there were no supplement × genotype interactions. In conclusion, caffeine influences physiological responses to submaximal exercise and improves time-trial performance irrespective of ADORA2A or CYP1A2 genotypes. Novelty •Caffeine affects physiological responses at rest and during submaximal exercise independent of ADORA2A or CYP1A2 genotypes. •Variability in the effect of caffeine on time-trial performance is not explained by ADORA2A or CYP1A2 genotypes.

Effect of inhaled terbutaline on substrate utilization and 300-kcal time trial performance

2014 ◽  
Vol 117 (10) ◽  
pp. 1180-1187 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anders Kalsen ◽  
Morten Hostrup ◽  
Sebastian Karlsson ◽  
Peter Hemmersbach ◽  
Jens Bangsbo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Exposure ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
Endurance Performance ◽  
Substrate Utilization ◽  
Submaximal Exercise ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Muscle Lactate ◽  
Lactate Accumulation ◽  
Time Trial Performance ◽  
Trial Performance

In a randomized, double-blind crossover design, we investigated the effect of the beta2-agonist terbutaline (TER) on endurance performance and substrate utilization in nine moderately trained men [maximum oxygen uptake (V̇o2 max) 58.9 ± 3.1 ml·min−1·kg−1]. Subjects performed 60 min of submaximal exercise (65–70% of V̇o2 max) immediately followed by a 300-kcal time trial with inhalation of either 15 mg of TER or placebo (PLA). Pulmonary gas exchange was measured during the submaximal exercise, and muscle biopsies were collected before and after the exercise bouts. Time trial performance was not different between TER and PLA (1,072 ± 145 vs. 1,054 ± 125 s). During the submaximal exercise, respiratory exchange ratio, glycogen breakdown (TER 266 ± 32, PLA 195 ± 28 mmol/kg dw), and muscle lactate accumulation (TER 20.3 ± 1.6, PLA 13.2 ± 1.2 mmol/kg dw) were higher ( P < 0.05) with TER than PLA. There was no difference between TER and PLA in net muscle glycogen utilization or lactate accumulation during the time trial. Intramyocellular triacylglycerol content did not change with treatment or exercise. Pyruvate dehydrogenase-E1α phosphorylation at Ser293 and Ser300 was lower ( P < 0.05) before submaximal exercise with TER than PLA, with no difference after the submaximal exercise and the time trial. Before submaximal exercise, acetyl-CoA carboxylase 2 (ACC2) phosphorylation at Ser221 was higher ( P < 0.05) with TER than PLA. There was no difference in phosphorylation of alpha 5′-AMP-activated protein kinase (αAMPK) at Thr172 between treatments. The present study suggests that beta2-agonists do not enhance 300-kcal time trial performance, but they increase carbohydrate metabolism in skeletal muscles during submaximal exercise independent of AMPK and ACC phosphorylation, and that this effect diminishes as drug exposure time, exercise duration, and intensity are increased.

Carbohydrate and Protein Co-Ingestion Postexercise Does Not Improve Next-Day Performance in Trained Cyclists

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Hilkka Kontro ◽  
Marta Kozior ◽  
Gráinne Whelehan ◽  
Miryam Amigo-Benavent ◽  
Catherine Norton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Whey Protein ◽  
Protein Hydrolysate ◽  
Insulin Response ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
Exercise Bout ◽  
Whey Protein Concentrate ◽  
Glucose Disposal ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Time Trial Performance ◽  
Trial Performance

Supplementing postexercise carbohydrate (CHO) intake with protein has been suggested to enhance recovery from endurance exercise. The aim of this study was to investigate whether adding protein to the recovery drink can improve 24-hr recovery when CHO intake is suboptimal. In a double-blind crossover design, 12 trained men performed three 2-day trials consisting of constant-load exercise to reduce glycogen on Day 1, followed by ingestion of a CHO drink (1.2 g·kg−1·2 hr−1) either without or with added whey protein concentrate (CHO + PRO) or whey protein hydrolysate (CHO + PROH) (0.3 g·kg−1·2 hr−1). Arterialized blood glucose and insulin responses were analyzed for 2 hr postingestion. Time-trial performance was measured the next day after another bout of glycogen-reducing exercise. The 30-min time-trial performance did not differ between the three trials (M ± SD, 401 ± 75, 411 ± 80, 404 ± 58 kJ in CHO, CHO + PRO, and CHO + PROH, respectively, p = .83). No significant differences were found in glucose disposal (area under the curve [AUC]) between the postexercise conditions (364 ± 107, 341 ± 76, and 330 ± 147, mmol·L−1·2 hr−1, respectively). Insulin AUC was lower in CHO (18.1 ± 7.7 nmol·L−1·2 hr−1) compared with CHO + PRO and CHO + PROH (24.6 ± 12.4 vs. 24.5 ± 10.6, p = .036 and .015). No difference in insulin AUC was found between CHO + PRO and CHO + PROH. Despite a higher acute insulin response, adding protein to a CHO-based recovery drink after a prolonged, high-intensity exercise bout did not change next-day exercise capacity when overall 24-hr macronutrient and caloric intake was controlled.

scholarly journals Effect of Dietary Nitrate Supplementation on Swimming Performance in Trained Swimmers

2017 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 377-384 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sam Lowings ◽  
Oliver Michael Shannon ◽  
Kevin Deighton ◽  
Jamie Matu ◽  
Matthew John Barlow
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
Mean Difference ◽  
Breath Hold ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Nitric Oxide Concentration ◽  
Nitrate Supplementation ◽  
Maximal Effort

Nitrate supplementation appears to be most ergogenic when oxygen availability is restricted and subsequently may be particularly beneficial for swimming performance due to the breath-hold element of this sport. This represents the first investigation of nitrate supplementation and swimming time-trial (TT) performance. In a randomized double-blind repeated-measures crossover study, ten (5 male, 5 female) trained swimmers ingested 140ml nitrate-rich (~12.5mmol nitrate) or nitrate-depleted (~0.01mmol nitrate) beetroot juice. Three hours later, subjects completed a maximal effort swim TT comprising 168m (8 × 21m lengths) backstroke. Preexercise fractional exhaled nitric oxide concentration was significantly elevated with nitrate compared with placebo, Mean (SD): 17 (9) vs. 7 (3)p.p.b., p = .008. Nitrate supplementation had a likely trivial effect on overall swim TT performance (mean difference 1.22s; 90% CI -0.18–2.6s; 0.93%; p = .144; d = 0.13; unlikely beneficial (22.6%), likely trivial (77.2%), most unlikely negative (0.2%)). The effects of nitrate supplementation during the first half of the TT were trivial (mean difference 0.29s; 90% CI -0.94–1.5s; 0.46%; p = .678; d = 0.05), but there was a possible beneficial effect of nitrate supplementation during the second half of the TT (mean difference 0.93s; 90% CI 0.13–1.70s; 1.36%; p = .062; d = 0.24; possibly beneficial (63.5%), possibly trivial (36.3%), most unlikely negative (0.2%)). The duration and speed of underwater swimming within the performance did not differ between nitrate and placebo (both p > .30). Nitrate supplementation increased nitric oxide bioavailability but did not benefit short-distance swimming performance or the underwater phases of the TT. Further investigation into the effects of nitrate supplementation during the second half of performance tests may be warranted.

scholarly journals The Effect of Dietary Nitrate Supplementation on Physiology and Performance in Trained Cyclists

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 684-689 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph A. McQuillan ◽  
Deborah K. Dulson ◽  
Paul B. Laursen ◽  
Andrew E. Kilding
Keyword(s):  
Time Trial ◽  
Crossover Design ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
Beetroot Juice ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Dietary Nitrate ◽  
Performance Time ◽  
Exercise Economy ◽  
Nitrate Supplementation ◽  
And Performance

Purpose:To determine the effect of dietary nitrate (NO3 –) supplementation on physiology and performance in well-trained cyclists after 6–8 d of NO3 – supplementation.Methods:Eight competitive male cyclists (mean ± SD age 26 ± 8 y, body mass 76.7 ± 6.9 kg, VO2peak 63 ± 4 mL · kg–1 · min–1) participated in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover-design study in which participants ingested 70 mL of beetroot juice containing ~4 mmol NO3 – (NIT) or a NO3 –-depleted placebo (PLA), each for 8 d. Replicating pretreatment measures, participants undertook an incremental ramp assessment to determine VO2peak and first (VT1) and second (VT2) ventilatory thresholds on d 6 (NIT6 and PLA6), moderate-intensity cycling economy on d 7 (NIT7 and PLA7), and a 4-km time trial (TT) on d 8 (NIT8 and PLA8).Results:Relative to PLA, 6 d of NIT supplementation produced unclear effects for VO2peak (mean ± 95% confidence limit: 1.8% ± 5.5%) and VT1 (3.7% ± 12.3%) and trivial effects for both VT2 (–1.0% ± 3.0%) and exercise economy on d 7 (–1.0% ± 1.6%). However, effects for TT performance time (–0.7% ± 0.9%) and power (2.4% ± 2.5%) on d 8 were likely beneficial.Conclusions:Despite mostly unclear outcomes for standard physiological determinants of performance, 8 d of NO3 – supplementation resulted in likely beneficial improvements to 4-km TT performance in well-trained male endurance cyclists.

scholarly journals The Effects of Dietary Nitrate Supplementation on Time Trial Performance in Trained Cyclists

2011 ◽  
Vol 43 (Suppl 1) ◽  
pp. 854
Author(s):  
Chris Easton ◽  
Dylan Merkett ◽  
Chelsea Stock ◽  
Fergal Grace
Keyword(s):  
Time Trial ◽  
Dietary Nitrate ◽  
Time Trial Performance ◽  
Nitrate Supplementation ◽  
Trial Performance
Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document