scholarly journals Applying Phase Equilibria Modelling to Metamorphic and Geological Processes: Recent Developments and Future Potential

2017 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris Yakymchuk

Phase equilibria modelling has played a key role in enhancing our understanding of metamorphic processes. An important breakthrough in the last three decades has been the ability to construct phase diagrams by integrating internally consistent datasets of the thermodynamic properties of minerals, fluids and melts with activity–composition models for mixed phases that calculate end-member activities from end-member proportions. A major advance in applying phase equilibria modelling to natural rocks is using isochemical phase diagrams to explore the phase assemblages and reaction sequences applicable for a particular sample. The chemical systems used for modelling phase equilibria are continually evolving to provide closer approximations to the natural compositions of rocks and allow wider varieties of compositions to be modelled. Phase diagrams are now routinely applied to metasedimentary rocks, metabasites and intermediate to felsic intrusive rocks and more recently to ultramafic rocks and meteorites.    While the principal application of these phase diagrams is quantifying the pressure and temperature evolution of metamorphic rocks, workers are now applying them to other fields across the geosciences. For example, phase equilibria modelling of hydrothermal alteration and the metamorphism of hydrothermally altered rocks can be used to determine ‘alteration vectors’ to hydrothermal mineral deposits. Combining the results of phase equilibria of rock-forming minerals with solubility equations of accessory minerals has provided new insights into the geological significance of U–Pb ages of accessory minerals commonly used in geochronology (e.g. zircon and monazite). Rheological models based on the results of phase equilibria modelling can be used to evaluate how the strength of the crust and mantle can change through metamorphic and metasomatic processes, which has implications for a range of orogenic processes, including the localization of earthquakes. Finally, phase equilibria modelling of fluid generation and consumption during metamorphism can be used to explore links between metamorphism and global geochemical cycles of carbon and sulphur, which may provide new insights into the secular change of the lithosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere.RÉSUMÉLa modélisation des équilibres de phases a joué un rôle clé dans l’amélioration de notre compréhension des processus métamorphiques. Une percée importante au cours des trois dernières décennies a été la capacité de construire des diagrammes de phase en y intégrant des ensembles de données cohérentes des propriétés thermodynamiques des minéraux, des fluides et des bains magmatiques avec des modèles d'activité-composition pour des phases mixtes qui déduisent l’activité des membres extrêmes à partir des proportions des membres extrêmes. Une avancée majeure dans l'application de la modélisation d'équilibre de phase aux roches naturelles consiste à utiliser des diagrammes de phases isochimiques pour étudier les assemblages de phase et les séquences de réaction applicables pour un échantillon particulier. Les systèmes chimiques utilisés pour la modélisation des équilibres de phase évoluent continuellement pour fournir des approximations plus proches des compositions naturelles des roches et permettent de modéliser de plus grandes variétés de compositions. Les diagrammes de phase sont maintenant appliqués de façon routinière aux roches métasédimentaires, aux métabasites et aux roches intrusives intermédiaires à felsiques et plus récemment aux roches ultramafiques et aux météorites.   Bien que l'application principale de ces diagrammes de phase consiste à quantifier l'évolution de la pression et de la température des roches métamorphiques, les utilisateurs les appliquent maintenant à d'autres spécialités des géosciences. Par exemple, la modélisation des équilibres de phase de l'altération hydrothermale et du métamorphisme des roches d’altération hydrothermale peut être utilisée pour déterminer les « vecteurs d'altération » des gisements minéraux hydrothermaux. La combinaison des résultats des équilibres de phase des minéraux constitutifs des roches avec des équations de solubilité des minéraux accessoires a permis d’en savoir davantage sur la signification géologique des âges U–Pb des minéraux accessoires couramment utilisés en géochronologie (par exemple zircon et monazite). Les modèles rhéologiques basés sur les résultats de la modélisation des équilibres de phase peuvent être utilisés pour évaluer comment la résistance de la croûte et du manteau peut changer à travers des processus métamorphiques et métasomatiques, ce qui a des implications sur une gamme de processus orogéniques, y compris la localisation des séismes. Enfin, la modélisation des équilibres de phase de la génération et de l’absorption des fluides pendant le métamorphisme peut être utilisée pour explorer les liens entre le métamorphisme et les cycles géochimiques globaux du carbone et du soufre, ce qui peut fournir de nouvelles perspectives sur le changement séculaire de la lithosphère, de l'hydrosphère et de l'atmosphère. 

2020 ◽  
Vol 65 (6) ◽  
pp. 3091-3102 ◽  
Author(s):  
Min Zhang ◽  
Peng Wu ◽  
Yaoyao Li ◽  
Wenxuan Li ◽  
Huan Zhou

Author(s):  
Sherif Rashed

ISUM (The Idealized Structural Unit Method) was born in 1972 to efficiently and accurately analyze the behavior of large size structures up to and beyond their ultimate strength. In this method a structure is divided into large elements, basically its structural units (members). Geometric and material non-linear behavior inside the element is formulated and expressed at a limited number of nodal points at the element boundaries. In this way a large structure can be modeled using a coarse mesh while still being able to consider the nonlinear behavior until the collapse of the structure. Several ISUM elements have been formulated and used to analyze the non-linear behavior of large ship structures. In further developments, more elements with more accurate formulations have been developed and more types of structures have been analyzed using this method. The same ISUM concept has been applied to the analysis of welding deformation of large welded structures and to failure analysis of structural and mechanical components subjected to impact loads. In this paper, the basic ISUM concept is outlined, and several elements are presented. Examples of applications to ships and marine structures are presented demonstrating the effectiveness of the method. Recent developments are also reviewed and future potential is explored.


2016 ◽  
Vol 52 (45) ◽  
pp. 7186-7204 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sharon E. Ashbrook ◽  
David McKay

DFT calculations are an important tool in assigning and interpreting NMR spectra of solids: we discuss recent developments and their future potential in the context of NMR crystallography.


2020 ◽  
Vol 299 ◽  
pp. 468-474 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gennady G. Mikhailov ◽  
L.A. Makrovets ◽  
O.V. Samoilova

Thermodynamic modeling of phase equilibria in a liquid metal of Fe–La–Ce–O system at 1600 °С, using the technique of constructing the solubility surfaces for the components of a metal, was carried out. The calculation technique allowed assessing the depth of liquid iron de-oxidation at a complex use of lanthanum and cerium as deoxidizing agents. Also, diagrams of de-oxidants’ consumption for one ton of liquid oxygen-containing iron were calculated in the course of the work. Carrying out a calculation of the solubility surfaces for the components of a metal required simulation of phase diagrams of the following oxide systems: FeO–La2O3–Ce2O3, FeO–CeO2–La2O3, CeO2–La2O3–Ce2O3. The obtained results might be of interest for optimization of the use of rare-earth metals in steelmaking technology.


Author(s):  
Philippe Moreau ◽  
Cyrille Touzeau

Recent developments in the treatment of multiple myeloma (MM) have led to improvements in response rates and to increased survival. A major advance in the last decade has been the introduction of the novel agents thalidomide, bortezomib, and lenalidomide as part of front-line treatment in both the transplant and nontransplant settings. However, disease relapse is inevitable for the majority of patients and myeloma typically recurs more aggressively with each relapse, eventually leading to the development of treatment-refractory disease. Several phase II and III trials have demonstrated the efficacy of recently approved agents in the setting of relapsed and relapsed and refractory MM, including pomalidomide and carfilzomib. Ixazomib, an oral proteasome inhibitor, and multiple other novel classes of agents are being investigated. These include monoclonal antibodies and histone deacetylase inhibitors, which may further add to the therapeutic armamentarium for this malignancy. Therefore, in a disease characterized by multiple relapses, the optimal sequencing of the different effective options is an important consideration in attempting to prolong survival.


2014 ◽  
Vol 1015 ◽  
pp. 405-408
Author(s):  
Bai Hui Bu ◽  
Fei Li ◽  
Ya Fei Guo ◽  
Shi Qiang Wang ◽  
Tian Long Deng

It is well known that phase equilibria and phase diagrams can successfully guide the comprehensive utilization of the salt lake resources. The researches on phase chemistry and thermal chemistry of the calcium-containing brine system are essential to promote the development of brines. In this paper, the progresses on the phase chemistry and thermal chemistry of the calcium-containing brine system around the world from 2007 up to now were summarized. The problems existed and the new trends in the future were also carried out.


2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Panpan Li ◽  
Kaiyu Zhao ◽  
Shangqing Chen ◽  
Jiayin Hu ◽  
Yafei Guo ◽  
...  

Phase equilibria and phase diagrams for the ternary aqueous system containing lithium, sodium, and pentaborate ions at 298.15 and 323.15 K and 101.325 kPa were investigated by the methods of isothermal dissolution equilibrium. From the experimental data, the phase diagrams and the diagrams of physicochemical properties versus composition of lithium pentaborate in the equilibrium systems were plotted, respectively. The phase diagrams of the ternary system LiB5O8 + NaB5O8 + H2O at two temperatures contain one invariant point, two univariant curves, and two crystallization regions corresponding to sodium pentaborate pentahydrate (NaB5O8·5H2O) and lithium pentaborate pentahydrate (LiB5O8·5H2O). Due to the different dissolution behaviors of pentaborate salts in the aqueous systems, the component of LiB5O8 has a relatively strong effect on the solubility of NaB5O8. It was found that this system belongs to a simple eutectic type at two temperatures, and neither double salts nor solid solutions were formed. The densities and refractive indices in the ternary system at 298.15 and 323.15 K are as similar as changing regularly with the increase of LiB5O8 concentration. On the basis of empirical equations of the density and refractive index in electrolytes, the calculated values of density and refractive index agreed well with the experimental values at two temperatures.


2002 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 83-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark A. Newton ◽  
Andrew J. Dent ◽  
John Evans

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