Group-randomized drug abuse prevention trials customarily designate schools as the unit of assignment to experimental condition; however, students within schools remain the unit of observation. Students nestedwithin schools may show some resemblance based on common (peer) selection or school climate factors (i.e., disciplinary practices, group norms, or rules). Appropriate analyses of any treatment effects must be statisticallycorrect for the magnitude of clustering within these intact social units (i.e., intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC]). There is little reported evidence, however, of variation in ICCs that might occur with studies of raciallyor geographically diverse populations. The purpose of this study was to generate estimates of intragroupdependence for drug use and psychosocial measures (hypothesized mediators) from three separate drug abuseprevention trials. Clustering for the drug use measures averaged .02 across study and age-groups (range = .002to .053) and was equivalently small for the psychosocial measures (averaging .03 across studies and age-groups;range = .001 to .149). With few exceptions and across different samples, clustering decreased in magnitude overtime. Clustering was largest for peer smoking and drinking norms among white, suburban youth and smallestfor alcohol expectancies among urban black youth. Findings are discussed with respect to the influence of socialclimate factors and group norms in the design and analysis of school-based, drug abuse, prevention programs.
Long-Term Follow-Up Effects of a School-Based Drug Abuse Prevention Program on Adolescent Risky Driving
