Effect of Hydraulic Head and Slope on Water Distribution Uniformity of a Low-Cost Drip Irrigation System

PRESSÕES DE SERVIÇOS E SEUS EFEITOS NO DESEMPENHO DE UM SISTEMA DE IRRIGAÇÃO POR GOTEJAMENTO TAIANE DE ALMEIDA PEREIRA1; ALEXANDRE REUBER ALMEIDA DA SILVA2; MARCOS MAKEISON MOREIRA DE SOUSA3; CRISTIAN DE FRANÇA SANTOS1 E DANIEL LIMA DOS SANTOS1 1Graduandos em Tecnologia em Irrigação e Drenagem, Instituto Federal de Educação Ciência e Tecnologia do Ceará – campus Iguatu, Rodovia Iguatu/Várzea Alegre, Km 05 – Vila Cajazeiras – Iguatu-CE. CEP: 63.503-790; taianeirrigacao@gmail; [email protected]; [email protected]; 2Professores do Curso de Tecnologia em Irrigação e Drenagem, Instituto Federal de Educação Ciência e Tecnologia do Ceará – campus Iguatu, Rodovia Iguatu/Várzea Alegre, Km 05 – Vila Cajazeiras – Iguatu-CE. CEP: 63.503-790, [email protected]; 3Mestrando em Engenharia Agrícola, Departamento de Engenharia Agrícola, Universidade Federal do Ceará – campus do Pici, Centro de Ciências Agrárias – CCA/UFC, Bloco 804, Fortaleza CE, CEP: 60.455-760; [email protected]. 1 RESUMO O presente trabalho teve como objetivo analisar a uniformidade de distribuição de em um sistema de irrigação localizada, do tipo gotejamento operando em condições de campo sob diferentes pressões de serviços, por meio da determinação dos Coeficiente de Uniformidade de Christiansen (CUC), do Coeficiente de Uniformidade de Distribuição (CUD) e do Coeficiente de Uniformidade Estatística (Us). Em campo, foram utilizadas 4 linhas laterais escolhidas ao acaso e com o auxílio de proveta e cronômetro, foram aferidos os volumes de água em 4 gotejadores de parede delgada, em três repetição em um tempo de 60 segundos, observando as 3 diferentes pressões de serviço (5,1; 10,2 e 15,3 mca). A média dos valores encontrados para o Coeficiente de Uniformidade de Christiansen (CUC), Coeficiente de Uniformidade de Distribuição (CUD) e o Coeficiente de Uniformidade Estatística (Us) são considerados pela literatura especializada como excelentes. Todavia, na pressão de serviço de 5,1 mca, a uniformidade de distribuição de água tende a ser comprometida. Infere-se, portanto, que o sistema de irrigação está bem dimensionado evitando assim danos financeiros, independente das pressões de serviços nas quais o mesmo esteja operando. Palavras-Chave: uniformidade, microirrigação, alturas manométricas. PEREIRA, T. DE A.; SILVA, A. R. A. DA; SOUSA, M. M. M. DE; SANTOS, C. DE F.; SANTOS, D. L. DOS SERVICE PRESSURES AND THEIR EFFECTS ON THE PERFORMANCE OF A DRIP IRRIGATION SYSTEM 2 ABSTRACT The objective of this work was to analyze the distribution uniformity of a drip irrigation system located in field conditions under different service pressures, through the determination of the Coefficient of Uniformity of Christiansen (CUC), Coefficient of Distribution Uniformity (CUD) and Statistical Uniformity Coefficient (Us). In the field, 4 randomly selected lateral lines were used and with the aid of a beaker and stop watch, the water volumes were measured in 4 thin-walled drippers in three repetitions in a time of 60 seconds, observing the 3 different service pressures (5.1, 10.2 and 15.3 microns). The mean values found for the Christiansen Uniformity Coefficient (CUC), Uniform Distribution Coefficient (CUD) and the Statistical Uniformity Coefficient (Us) are considered by the specialized literature to be excellent. However, in the service pressure of 5.1 mca, the uniformity of water distribution tends to be compromised. It is inferred, therefore, that the irrigation system is well-sized working, thus avoiding financial damages, regardless of the pressures of services in which it is operating. Keywords: uniformity, micro-irrigation, manometric heights.

Download Full-text

Effect of Pulse Drip Irrigation Duration on Water Distribution Uniformity

Water ◽

10.3390/w12082276 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (8) ◽

pp. 2276

Author(s):

David Lozano ◽

Natividad Ruiz ◽

Rafael Baeza ◽

Juana I. Contreras ◽

Pedro Gavilán

Keyword(s):

Drip Irrigation ◽

Water Distribution ◽

Crop Yields ◽

Irrigation System ◽

Irrigation Schedule ◽

Sandy Soils ◽

Field Evaluation ◽

Irrigation Performance ◽

Standard Procedures ◽

Distribution Uniformity

Developing an appropriate irrigation schedule is essential in order to save water while at the same time maintaining high crop yields. The standard procedures of the field evaluation of distribution uniformity do not take into account the effects of the filling and emptying phases of the irrigation system. We hypothesized that, in sloping sandy soils, when short drip irrigation pulses are applied it is important to take into account the total water applied from the beginning of irrigation until the emptying of the irrigation system. To compute distribution uniformity, we sought to characterize the filling, stable pressure, and emptying phases of a standard strawberry irrigation system. We found that the shorter the time of the irrigation pulse, the worse the distribution uniformity and the potential application efficiency or zero deficit are. This effect occurs because as the volume of water applied during filling and emptying phases increases, the values of the irrigation performance indicators decrease. Including filling and emptying phases as causes of non-uniformity has practical implications for the management of drip irrigation systems in sloping sandy soils.

Download Full-text

Automated Drip Irrigation System for Sweet Corn and Cluster Bean: Field Evaluation of a Low-Cost Soil Moisture Sensor

Fertigation Technologies for Micro Irrigated Crops ◽

10.1201/9781003084136-14 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 181-211

Author(s):

G. Ravi Babu ◽

N. V. Gowtham Deekshithulu

Keyword(s):

Soil Moisture ◽

Drip Irrigation ◽

Sweet Corn ◽

Irrigation System ◽

Low Cost ◽

Field Evaluation ◽

Drip Irrigation System ◽

Moisture Sensor ◽

Cluster Bean ◽

Soil Moisture Sensor

Download Full-text

Development of a Low-cost Drip Irrigation System

Journal of Experimental Agriculture International ◽

10.9734/jeai/2019/v33i330145 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 1-8

Author(s):

O. Lasisi ◽

O. D. Isinkaye ◽

B. O. Fati

Keyword(s):

Drip Irrigation ◽

Root Zone ◽

Irrigation System ◽

Low Cost ◽

Food Crops ◽

Drip Irrigation System ◽

Retention Capacity ◽

Medium Scale ◽

Problematic Soils ◽

Runoff Losses

The localized irrigation is the artificial application of water to the root zone of plants for the purpose of supplying the essential moisture requirement for plant growth. The system makes the production and availability of food crops, citrus and vegetables possible throughout the year on small and medium scale basis at an affordable cost. In places and periods of water scarcity, low-cost drip irrigation can be used for the economic growing of vegetables, citrus and food crops all –round the year. This paper aimed at developing a low-cost drip irrigation system to empower the small and medium scale farmers to produce crops during offseason at minimum operational cost with less human efforts. The field area of 126.4 m2 was properly cleared, stumped, ploughed, harrowed and leveled. The leveling was carried out to allow unobstructed flow and evenly distribution of water to the root of plants. The system does not only reduce water loss but also conserve water during the period of scarcity. The controlled moisture available to the plant at low soil tension results in faster growth, higher yields, better quality and more environmentally and health friendly. The system improves the penetration of water into problematic soils and reduces substantially deep percolation and runoff losses. The system also saves water, money, time and makes provision for all- season farming. The topography of the field was flat with its suitable soil texture, texture, retention capacity and pump for this work was designed and selected to be 1 hp. The system was developed using a simple principle of water flow through gravity to drip out water at regulated interval to irrigate farmland. The drum has 214 litres capacity and 121 emitters. The total cost of production was estimated to be ₦50, 790 which is affordable by small and medium scale farmers.

Download Full-text

Effect of pipe type and Emitters discharge on performance criteria of surface drip irrigation system

IOP Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science ◽

10.1088/1755-1315/904/1/012013 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 904 (1) ◽

pp. 012013

Author(s):

B A AL-Dulaimi ◽

Sh M AL-Mehmdy

Keyword(s):

Coefficient Of Variation ◽

Drip Irrigation ◽

Irrigation System ◽

Performance Criteria ◽

Research Station ◽

Operating Pressure ◽

Drip Irrigation System ◽

Design Discharge ◽

Distribution Uniformity ◽

Surface Drip Irrigation

Abstract A field experiment was conducted in Jazeerah Al-Ramadi/Al-Hamidiyah research station (latitude33^o 27^’ 〖 11.9 〗 ^(՚՚)N, longitude 43^o 23^’ ^(՚՚) E (duration 2020. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of pipe types and emitters discharge on performance criteria of surface drip irrigation system. Therefore, a two factorial experiment was set as randomized complete block design with three replications. The first factor included the type of pipes and emitters, namely Turbo, GR and T-Tape. While the second factor involved the emitters discharge which consist of two levels i.e., 4 (D4) and 8 (D8) L.h-1. The irrigation system was initially evaluated in the field before planting by testing three operating pressures (50, 100 and 150 Kpa) to determine the actual discharge of the emitters closed to their design discharge (4 and 8 L.h-1) for each emitter to calculate the manufacturing coefficient of variation (CV), distribution uniformity and the discharge variation ratio at each operating pressure. Results showed that the best discharge (Closed to design discharge of 4 L.h-1) was obtained at the 50 Kpa operating pressure which gave 3.99,3.90 and 3.81 L.h-1 when using the T-Tape pipe and GR and Turbo emitter compare when the discharge of 8L.h-1 has been used which gave 7.96, 7.84 and 7.59 L.h-1 when the former pipe and emitters were used. The best coefficient of variation was observed when the T-Tape pipe and GR and Turbo emitter were used with discharge of 4 L.h-1 up to 0.1300, 0.2200 and 0.2600 compare to 0.1300, 0.2700 and 0.3500 when the same former pipe and emitters were used with discharge of 8L. h-1. Similarly, the best distribution uniformity was obtained when the T-Tape pipe and GR and Turbo emitter has been used with discharge of 4 L.h-1 which gave 94.68, 91.74 and 90%. Likewise, the most acceptable variety discharge ratio was observed when the same prior pipe and emitters were used with discharge of 4 L.h-1 by giving 7.23, 11.90 and 12.19 %.

Download Full-text

A LOW COST DRIP IRRIGATION SYSTEM FOR SMALL FARMERS IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

JAWRA Journal of the American Water Resources Association ◽

10.1111/j.1752-1688.1997.tb04088.x ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 33 (1) ◽

pp. 119-124 ◽

Cited By ~ 28

Author(s):

Paul Polak ◽

Bob Nanes ◽

Deepak Adhikari

Keyword(s):

Developing Countries ◽

Drip Irrigation ◽

Irrigation System ◽

Low Cost ◽

Drip Irrigation System ◽

Small Farmers

Download Full-text

VARIABILIDADE ESPACIAL DA UMIDADE DO SOLO EM IRRIGAÇÃO POR GOTEJAMENTO SOB CULTIVO PROTEGIDO

Irriga ◽

10.15809/irriga.2002v7n3p201-213 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 7 (3) ◽

pp. 201-213

Author(s):

Ivana Furio Batista ◽

Célia Regina Lopes Zimback ◽

Juliana Aguiar Vettorato

Keyword(s):

Soil Moisture ◽

Spatial Variability ◽

Drip Irrigation ◽

Spatial Dependence ◽

Water Distribution ◽

Irrigation System ◽

Drip Irrigation System ◽

Magnitude Range ◽

Experimental Variogram ◽

E Mail

VARIABILIDADE ESPACIAL DA UMIDADE DO SOLO EM IRRIGAÇÃO POR GOTEJAMENTO SOB CULTIVO PROTEGIDO[1] Ivana Fúrio BatistaCélia Regina Lopes ZimbackJuliana Aguiar VettoratoDepartamento de Recursos Naturais, Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, CP 237, CEP 18603-970. E-mail: [email protected] 1 RESUMO Foi estudada a variabilidade espacial da umidade do solo num sistema de irrigação por gotejamento em uma estufa (5,0 x 20,0m) na Fazenda Experimental São Manuel, da Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Foi estabelecida a malha de amostragem no espaçamento de 1,0 x 0,5m, acrescida de quatro adensamentos de 0,25m. Foram utilizados dados da umidade do solo em 178 pontos. A análise da dependência espacial foi obtida com o auxílio do Programa GS+. Foi construído o variograma experimental e definido o modelo de ajuste, de modo que a curva que melhor se ajustou aos pontos obtidos representasse a magnitude, alcance e intensidade da variabilidade espacial da variável estudada. A umidade do solo apresentou distribuição espacial anisotrópica. Para a direção 0°, pode-se notar uma dependência espacial caracterizada como alta, com o alcance de aproximadamente 3,30m, no sentido do comprimento da estufa. Entretanto, no sentido da largura da estufa, não foi possível ajustar modelos. Utilizando a representação gráfica da superfície, a área estudada apresentou um maior teor de água na parte inicial e menor na parte final das linhas de distribuição de água. A krigagem mostrou-se um bom interpolador para mapeamento da umidade do solo. UNITERMOS: geoestatística, dependência espacial, umidade do solo, irrigação por gotejamento, cultivo protegido. BATISTA, I.F.; ZIMBACK, C.R.L.; VETTORATO, J.A. SPATIAL VARIABILITY OF SOIL MOISTURE IN A DRIP IRRIGATION SYSTEM UNDER GREENHOUSE 2 ABSTRACT Soil moisture spatial variability in a drip irrigation system was studied in a greenhouse (5.0 x 20.0m) at São Manuel Experimental Farm, FCA/UNESP, Botucatu – SP, Brazil. Sampling was established in a 1.0 x 0.5m grid, increased 0.25m thickening. Soil moisture data were used in 178 points. The spatial dependence analysis was obtained with the aid of the GS+ Program. The experimental variogram was built and the setting model defined, so that the curve better fitted to the obtained points represented the spatial variability magnitude, range and intensity of the studied variable. Soil moisture presented anisotropic spatial distribution. Spatial dependence was noticed for 0° direction, characterized as high, with approximately 3.30m range in the greenhouse length ward. However, in the greenhouse width ward, it was not possible to fit models. Using the surface graphic representation, the studied area presented higher water content in the initial part and a lower one in the final part of water distribution lines. Kriging was shown to be a good interpolator for soil moisture mapping. KEYWORDS: geostatistics, spatial dependence, soil moisture, drip irrigation, greenhouse.

Download Full-text