AVALIAÇÃO DE DESEMPENHO DO MICROASPERSOR EM LINHA LATERAL E SIMULAÇÃO MATEMÁTICA DE SEU GRADIENTE DE ENERGIA

AVALIAÇÃO DE DESEMPENHO DO MICROASPERSOR EM LINHA LATERAL E SIMULAÇÃO MATEMÁTICA DE SEU GRADIENTE DE ENERGIA MADSON RAFAEL BARBALHO DA SILVA1; LÍVIA MARIA CAVALCANTE SILVA1; ANA CLÁUDIA DAVINO DOS SANTOS1; FABIANO SIMPLICIO BEZERRA1; CAIO SÉRGIO PEREIRA DE ARAÚJO1 E MANASSÉS MESQUITA DA SILVA1 1 Departamento de Engenharia Agrícola, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Dom Manuel de Medeiros, s/n, Dois Irmãos, 52171-900, Recife, Pernambuco, Brasil. E-mail:[email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]. 1 RESUMO Objetivou-se avaliar o desempenho do microaspersor Agropolo modelo MC20 em diferentes condições hidráulicas, gerando informações para um melhor dimensionamento de sistemas de microirrigação e manejo da água em áreas irrigadas. A condução do projeto hidráulico para simulação do gradiente de energia em linhas laterais, considerou-se informações determinadas através da escolha de componentes do projeto. Foram extraídos do catálogo comercial do fabricante os pares de valores referentes a vazão e a pressão e, a partir destes, gerou-se a curva vazão-pressão, onde a simulação foi feita pelo Método Algébrico - Christiansen (MA) e Método Iterativo (SBS) – Back-Step. Para ambos métodos o microaspersor se comportou de maneira semelhante, quando submetido a condições sugeridas pelo fabricante, num espaçamento entre emissores de 5,2 m, usando tubos de polietilenos de diâmetro interno de 13 mm e uma pressão de serviço de 20 mca, admitindo uma variação de 10% da pressão. Foram calculados os coeficientes de uniformidade de pressão (CUp) e de vazão (CUq), ambos com valores superiores à 95%, demonstrando a excelência no desempenho do emissor. Palavras-chave: hidráulica, modelagem matemática, coeficiente de descarga. SILVA, M. R. B.; SILVA, L. M. C.; SANTOS, A. C. D.; BEZERRA, F. S.; ARAUJO, C. S. P.; SILVA, M. M. PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF THE SIDE LINE MICROSPARENT AND MATHEMATICAL SIMULATION OF ITS ENERGY GRADIENT 2 ABSTRACT The objective was to evaluate the performance of the Agropolo model MC20 microsprinkler under different hydraulic conditions, generating information for a better design of micro-irrigation systems and water management in irrigated areas. The conduction of the hydraulic project to simulate the energy gradient in lateral lines, considered information determined through the choice of project components. The pairs of values ​​referring to flow and pressure were extracted from the manufacturer's commercial catalog and, from these, the flow-pressure curve was generated, where the simulation was performed using the Algebraic Method - Christiansen (MA) and Iterative Method (SBS) – Back-Step. For both methods, the microsprinkler behaved similarly, when subjected to conditions suggested by the manufacturer, in a spacing between emitters of 5.2 m, using polyethylene tubes with an internal diameter of 13 mm and a working pressure of 20 mca, admitting a 10% pressure variation. The uniformity of pressure (CUp) and flow (CUq) coefficients were calculated, both with values ​​above 95%, demonstrating the excellence in the performance of the emitter. Keywords: hydraulic, mathematical modeling, discharge coefficient.

Diversity of lateral line patterns and neuromast numbers in the genus Oryzias

ABSTRACT A remarkable diversity of lateral line patterns exists in adult teleost fishes, the basis of which is largely unknown. By analysing the lateral line patterns and organ numbers in 29 Oryzias species and strains we report a rapid diversification of the lateral line system within this genus. We show a strong dependence of lateral line elaboration (number of neuromasts per cluster, number of parallel lateral lines) on adult species body size irrespective of phylogenetic relationships. In addition, we report that the degree of elaboration of the anterior lateral line, posterior lateral line and caudal neuromast clusters is tightly linked within species, arguing for a globally coordinated mechanism controlling lateral line organ numbers and patterns. We provide evidence for a polygenic control over neuromast numbers and positioning in the genus Oryzias. Our data also indicate that the diversity in lateral lines can arise as a result of differences in patterning both during embryonic development and post-embryonically, where simpler embryonic patterns generate less complex adult patterns and organ numbers, arguing for a linkage between the two processes.

Morphology characteristics and length weight relationship of sucker barb fish (Barbichtyhys laevis Valenciennes 1842)

Sucker barb fish is one of the potential of fish resources in Tasik river. This study aimed to determine the morphometric and meristic characteristics of the growth of sucker barb fish in the Tasik River. The method used in this study is a survey method using the fishing net and gillnet with mesh size 1,5 inches. The nets are placed in the afternoon, then lifted in the morning. This is done 3 times with a span of 2 weeks in the three research stations. The number of samples collected were 135 fish. The morphometric characteristics of sucker barb fish are bodyweight (BT) ranging from 9-85 g, total length (PT) ranging from 100-230 mm, standard length (PS) ranging from 75-176 mm, head length (PK) of 20-42 mm, snout length (PM) of 30 mm, the height of dorsal fin (TSP) of 40 mm, length of the base of dorsal fin (PPSP) of 15-30 mm, eye diameter (DM) of 10 mm, caudal peduncle (TBE) of 8-22 mm, body height (TB) of 17-40 mm, pectoral fin length (PSD) of 30 mm and pelvic fin length (PSP) of 25 mm. Meristic characteristics are the characteristics of counting the scales and fins of sucker barb fish. The number of scales in the lateral lines (LL) is 35-38, the body coiled scales (SMB) are 6, the scales around the pectoral fin (PF) P 10-14, anal fin (AF) A 8 and caudal fin (CF) C 18. The growth pattern of sucker barb fish in the Tasik River is allometric negative

FISIOLOGIA, PRODUÇÃO E QUALIDADE DE FRUTOS DA MANGUEIRA ‘TOMMY ATKINS’ SOB DIFERENTES SISTEMAS DE IRRIGAÇÃO

FISIOLOGIA, PRODUÇÃO E QUALIDADE DE FRUTOS DA MANGUEIRA ‘TOMMY ATKINS’ SOB DIFERENTES SISTEMAS DE IRRIGAÇÃO WELSON LIMA SIMÕES1; VICTOR PIMENTA MARTINS DE ANDRADE2; MARIA APARECIDA DO CARMO MOUCO3; JUCICLÉIA SOARES DA SILVA4; NILDO DA SILVA DIAS5 E PEDRO PAULO BEZERRA FERREIRA6 1 Pesquisador – Embrapa Semiárido. BR 428, Km 152, CEP: 56302-970, Petrolina-PE [email protected] 2 Engenheiro agrônomo – IF Sertão/PE. BR 428, CEP: 56380-000, Santa Maria da Boa Vista-PE. [email protected] 3 Pesquisadora – Embrapa Semiárido. BR 428, Km 152, CEP: 56302-970, Petrolina-PE. [email protected] 4 Pós-doutoranda – Embrapa Semiárido. BR 428, Km 152, CEP: 56302-970, Petrolina-PE. [email protected] 5 Docente, Departamento de Ciências Agronômicas e Florestais, Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-árido, BR 116, km 47, 572, Costa e Silva, CEP: 59625-900, Mossoró-RN. [email protected] 6 Doutorando em Botânica – Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Rua Dom Manoel de Medeiros, s/n, Dois Irmãos, CEP: 52171-900, Recife-PE. [email protected] 1 RESUMO Considerando a grande expressão econômica na produtividade da manga para a agricultura brasileira e a dependência da irrigação, que viabiliza o seu elevado cultivo no semiárido, objetivou-se avaliar a influência de arranjos de sistemas de irrigação na fisiologia, produtividade e qualidade dos frutos da mangueira cultivar ‘Tommy Atkins’ no Semiárido brasileiro. Foram testados quatro arranjos do sistema de irrigação (um microaspersor sob a copa – MPP; um microaspersor entre plantas – MEP; duas linhas laterais com gotejadores por fileira de planta - G2L e uma faixa de gotejo em formato de anel ou espiral - GRP ao redor da planta) sob um delineamento em parcelas subdivididas, com quatro arranjos como parcelas e dois ciclos produtivos como subparcelas, com cinco repetições. Foram avaliados os parâmetros fisiológicos (temperatura foliar, fotossíntese, transpiração e condutância estomática), de produção (número e produtividade e peso médio de frutos) e parâmetros da qualidade (densidade, volume, firmeza da polpa, teor de sólidos solúveis totais e acidez total titulável). As mangueiras submetidas aos tratamentos GRP e G2L apresentaram maior condutância estomática e melhores índices de qualidade e produção de frutos em relação aos arranjos MEP e MPP, exceto para os sólidos solúveis totais. Palavras-chave: manga, irrigação localizada, fitotecnia. SIMÕES, W. L; ANDRADE, V. P. M. de; MOUCO, M. A. do C.; SILVA, J. S. da; DIAS, N. da S.; FERREIRA, P. P. B. PHISIOLOGY, PRODUCTION AND QUALITY OF ‘TOMMY ATKINS’ MANGO FRUITS UNDER DIFFERENT IRRIGATION SYSTEMS 2 ABSTRACT Considering the great economic expression in the productivity of mango for Brazilian agriculture and the dependence on irrigation, which enables its high cultivation in the semiarid region, the objective was to evaluate the influence of irrigation system arrangements on the physiology, productivity and quality of the mango fruit cultivate 'Tommy Atkins' in the Brazilian Semiarid. Four arrangements of the irrigation system were tested (a micro sprinkler under the canopy - MPP; a micro sprinkler between plants - MEP; two lateral lines with drippers per row of plant - G2L and a drip band in the shape of a ring or spiral - GRP around of the plant) under a split plot design, with four arrangements as plots and two production cycles as subplots, with five replications. Physiological parameters (leaf temperature, photosynthesis, transpiration and stomatal conductance), production (number and productivity and average fruit weight) and quality parameters (density, volume, pulp firmness, total soluble solids content and total acidity) were evaluated titratable). The hoses submitted to the GRP and G2L treatments showed higher stomatal conductance and better quality and fruit production indexes in relation to the MEP and MPP arrangements, except for the total soluble solids. Keywords: mango, localized irrigation, plant breeding.

Bursaphelenchus hibisci n. sp. (Nematoda: Aphelenchoididae) isolated from Ernoporus corpulentus (Scolytinae) emerged from dead Hibiscus tiliaceus (Malvaceae) twigs from Okinawa, Japan

Summary A Bursaphelenchus sp. belonging to the B. idius-group was isolated from a bark beetle, Ernoporus corpulentus, which had emerged from dead twigs of Hibiscus tiliaceus collected in Okinawa, in the subtropical region of Japan. In addition to its group-specific characters, i.e., four lateral lines in both male and female and less developed capitulum and relatively broad blade of the male spicules, the species is characterised by a relatively slender female tail with various tip shapes. Molecularly, the species is close to B. fagi and B. tiliae based on SSU and D2-D3 LSU sequences, but can be clearly distinguished from these two species. The species is described and illustrated herein as B. hibisci n. sp.

Iterative calculation of local head loss coefficient of emitters in lateral lines

ABSTRACT This study aimed to iteratively set the local head loss coefficient of the Naan® micro-sprinkler, model 7110 Hadar, installed in a lateral irrigation line. To evaluate the total head loss along the lateral line, tests were performed using a rigid PVC pipe with an inner diameter of 15.8 mm, 12 m in length, and 24 micro-sprinklers inserted along the pipe, regularly spaced 0.5 m. In the tests carried out for four micro-sprinkler nozzle diameters (0.9, 1.0, 1.1, and 1.2 mm) and six inlet pressure head values (5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 m) in the line, the pressure head difference between inlet and outlet in the pipe and the discharge of each emitter along the pipe were measured. The head loss computation was performed by the step-by-step procedure, starting from the downstream end to the upstream end of the line; since varying the local head loss coefficient values iteratively, the total head loss measured in the tests was equal to the calculated. For the different working conditions of the inlet pressure head and the micro-sprinkler nozzle diameter, the local head loss coefficient had values from 0.051 to 0.169. Relating the discharge values measured and estimated along the lateral line, the confidence coefficient of 0.9991 was verified, and the calculation procedure was considered optimal.

Performance Assessment of Drip System of Irrigation used for Cultivating Tomato in Premises of the Centre of Excellence Protected Cultivation, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India

A technical report was conducted for checking performance assessment of drip irrigation system which was used for cultivating tomato in premises of the Centre of Excellence Protected Cultivation, Raipur (Chhattisgarh). A uniformity coefficient was found for drip irrigation system which ranges from 73.2 % to 83.6%. The coefficient of variance varies between 0.0055 to 0.0068 for the measured discharges of four laterals laid in the field. It shows that there is the least variation between the obtained flow rates of different laterals under study. The application efficiency of four different lateral lines operating at a pressure of 1.25 kg/cm2 was calculated and it found to be more than 90.00 %, excluding lateral line (L2). Almost same amount of flow variation (8-9%) is found in lateral lines L1, L3 and L4, although Lateral line (L2) discharges 11.00 % more water among others. The maximum flow variation was found for the lateral line (L3) and the least flow variation was for the lateral line (L1). The distribution efficiency of all the laterals was found more than 97.45 %.

Effect of allowable flow-rate variation and local head loss on maximum length of non-pressure compensated drip tape

A challenge for the design of drip irrigation systems with non-pressure compensated emitters is to increase the maximum length of the lateral lines without significantly reducing water application uniformity. This work evaluated the effect of the flow-rate variation and the local head loss in the maximum length of drip tape with a non-pressure compensated flat emitter. The tests were carried out in a laboratory, using a collapsible drip tape non-pressure compensated in three 50-meter segments. The production line was configured to generate drip tapes without insertion of emitters and with closed emitters (0.30 m spacing). The experimental local head loss was compared with the Darcy-Weisbach equation's estimates using the Blasius friction factor. In the sequence, simulations were generated for the flow-rate variations of 10 and 20% for the emitter spacings of 0.30, 0.40, and 0.50m. The results showed that the local head loss had little influence on the lateral line's maximum length, generating variations of 2.5% on average. However, increasing the allowable flow rate variation from 10 to 20% resulted in a 34% increase in the lateral line maximum length. Also, the reduction in uniformity coefficients was less than 5%, enabling the indexes to remain above 90%. The adoption of higher flow rate variation values allowed gains in the lateral line length with a small decrease in uniformity, making it an alternative to reduce design and operational costs.

URAL FACTORY OWNERS OF THE 18TH — EARLY 20TH CENTURY: SUCCESSION OPTIONS OF OWNERSHIP RIGHTS

Based on extensive information from the history of the Ural mining factory owners Stroganovs, Demidovs, Lazarevs, Vsevolozhsky, Beloselsky-Belozersky, Balashovs, Yakovlevs and Turchaninovs, the paper considers both typical and specific options for the continuity of ownership of factories during the change of generations. It is shown that this procedure in the 18th — early 20th century was regulated by legislation that established binding rules, but at the same time provided its participants with a fairly wide range of options for the transit of ownership. At the same time, the composition of heirs acquired paramount importance, it could be either simple, including only the owner’s sons or daughters, or complex, including persons of both sexes, representatives of several generations or lateral lines of the genus. A significant influence was also exerted by the form of organization of inherited property, which represented either extensive and rather amorphous “mining empires”, which was characteristic of the 18th century, or balanced and stable territorial-economic complexes — mining districts, as in the 19th — early 20th centuries. In the first case, a “natural” division of factories between the heirs became possible, in the second one, the “share” division was more rational while maintaining the common ownership of several heirs. However, this option led to the formation of multiple ownership which was characterized by unpredictability of the further fate of the “family business”. The family’s economic possibilities played a certain role too, making it possible to carry out the monetary and/or property “allocation” of a part of the heirs. This led to a reduction in the number of owners and the achievement of the main goal — the establishment of stable and conflict-free ownership and management of the mining plant estate.

Rbm24a Is Necessary for Hair Cell Development Through Regulating mRNA Stability in Zebrafish

Hair cells in the inner ear and lateral lines are mechanosensitive receptor cells whose development and function are tightly regulated. Several transcription factors as well as splicing factors have been identified to play important roles in hair cell development, whereas the role of RNA stability in this process is poorly understood. In the present work, we report that RNA-binding motif protein 24a (Rbm24a) is indispensable for hair cell development in zebrafish. Rbm24a expression is detected in the inner ear as well as lateral line neuromasts. Albeit rbm24a deficient zebrafish do not survive beyond 9 days post fertilization (dpf) due to effects outside of the inner ear, rbm24a deficiency does not affect the early development of inner ear except for delayed otolith formation and semicircular canal fusion. However, hair cell development is severely affected and hair bundle is disorganized in rbm24a mutants. As a result, the auditory and vestibular function of rbm24a mutants are compromised. RNAseq analyses identified several Rbm24a-target mRNAs that are directly bound by Rbm24a and are dysregulated in rbm24a mutants. Among the identified Rbm24a-target genes, lrrc23, dfna5b, and smpx are particularly interesting as their dysregulation might contribute to the inner ear phenotypes in rbm24a mutants. In conclusion, our data suggest that Rbm24a affects hair cell development in zebrafish through regulating mRNA stability.