Studying the causes of biological diversification and the main environmental drivers involved is useful not only for the progress of fundamental science but also to inform conservation practices. Unraveling the origin and maintenance of the comparatively high Neotropical biodiversity is important to understand the global latitudinal biodiversity gradients (LBGs), which is one of the more general and conspicuous biogeographical patterns on Earth. This chapter reviews the historical development of the study of Neotropical diversification, in order to highlight the influence of methodological progress and to identify the conceptual developments that have appeared through history. Four main steps are recognized and analyzed, namely the discovery of the LBGs by pioneer naturalists, the first biogeographic studies, the inception of paleoecology and the recent revolution of molecular phylogeography. This historical account ends with an update of the current state of the study of Neotropical diversification and the main conceptual handicaps that are believed to slow progress towards a general theory on this topic. Among these constraints, emphasis is placed on (i) the shifting from one paradigm to another, (ii) the extrapolation from particular case studies to the whole Neotropics, (iii) the selection of biased evidence to support either one or another hypothesis, (iv) the assumption that Pleistocene diversification equals to refuge diversification, and (v) the straightforward inference of diversification drivers from diversification timing. The main corollary is that the attainment of a general theory on Neotropical diversification is being delayed by conceptual, rather than methodological causes. Some solutions are proposed based on the Chamberlin’s multiple-working-hypotheses scheme and a conceptual research framework to address the problem from this perspective is suggested.
Review of "Social Transformations: A General Theory of Historical Development," by Stephen K. Sanderson
