Freedom to Read vs. Obligation to Protect: New Technologies and Twenty-First-Century Policies

2011 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 271-288
Author(s):  
Irving Louis Horowitz
Keyword(s):  
New Technologies ◽  
First Century ◽  
Twenty First Century

Out of the box, onto the web: Digitizing images in the Tuzin Archive for Melanesian Anthropology

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 251-268 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristela Garcia-Spitz ◽  
Kathryn Creely
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
San Diego ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
First Century ◽  
University Of California ◽  
Online Access ◽  
Twenty First Century ◽  
The University ◽  
Archival Practices ◽  
The Web

How are ethnographic photographs from the twentieth century accessed and represented in the twenty-first century? This report from the Tuzin Archive for Melanesian Anthropology at the University of California San Diego Library provides an overview of the photographic materials, arrangements and types of documentation in the archive, followed by summaries of specific digitization projects of the photographs from physician Sylvester Lambert and anthropologists Roger Keesing and Harold Scheffler, among others. Through the process of digitization and online access, ethnographic photographs are transformed and may be discovered and contextualized in new ways. Utilizing new technologies and forming broad collaborations, these digitization projects incorporate both anthropological and archival practices and also raise ethical questions. This is an in-depth look at what is digitized and how it is described to re/create meaning and context and to bring new life to these images.

Digital Resources: Digital Projects in Mexico City’s Archives and Libraries

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda Arnold
Keyword(s):  
New Technologies ◽  
First Century ◽  
Historical Documents ◽  
Digital Collections ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Printed Books ◽  
Early Twenty ◽  
Finding Aids ◽  
Twenty First Century ◽  
Digitized Documents

Researchers in major Mexico City archives in the early 1970s had access to very few finding aids for historical documents and record sets. Since then, archivists and researchers have worked diligently to organize record sets and create catalogues for an untold number of documents. Since the early twenty-first century, researchers in the Archivo General de la Nación, the Archivo Histórico de la Ciudad de México, the Archivo Histórico del Arzobispado de México, the Archivo Histórico de la Secretaría de la Defensa Nacional, and the Archivo General de Notarías have been able to access databases, searchable PDF catalogues, and a small array of digital collections. Work toward inventorying and cataloguing record sets began long before the development of technologies available today. Typescript catalogues for record sets in the Archivo Histórico de la Ciudad de México date from the 1920s. Work on inventories, card catalogues, typescripts, and published catalogues for record sets in the Archivo General de la Nación and the Archivo Histórico de la Secretaría de la Defensa Nacional began during the 1930s and 1940s. Work on cataloguing the documents in the Archivo General de Notarías and the Archivo Histórico del Arzobispado de México began during the 1980s and 1990s. Since the early twenty-first century researchers have been able to access databases, searchable PDF catalogues, and a limited number of digitized documents for all these major archives. New technologies began to make digitization possible, and thus Mexican libraries, along with archives, began to digitize primary and secondary sources. Some of those projects involve digitizing microfilm; others involve digitizing complete record sets and printed books. Still others involve transcriptions of historical documents. While the scope and quality of those projects vary from institution to institution, all create heretofore unimaginable access to historical documents.

scholarly journals Boundaries, Governance and the International Order

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 84
Author(s):  
Sai Felicia Krishina-Hensel
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
International System ◽  
First Century ◽  
Distinctive Character ◽  
Contemporary World ◽  
Modern Age ◽  
Military Applications ◽  
Traditional Institutions ◽  
Twenty First Century

The article examines the distinctive character of the interconnected world of the twenty-first century. The analysis explores the influence of technology on the international system in the modern age, leading up to the unique challenges of the contemporary world. Historically, advances in transportation, scientific breakthroughs, and their military applications have profoundly influenced the ability of states to project power and have had an impact on political structures and configurations. There appears to be little consensus on how these changes influence the debates on power, deterrence, diplomacy, and other instruments of international relations. Traditionally, scholars of the international system have focused on the possession of knowledge and weapons that provided a military advantage in the interpretation of power configurations. Our argument is that the twenty-first century world has a different technological emphasis, that of communications and its supportive satellite and internet infrastructure that forms the basis of the information revolution. The new technologies have succeeded in creating an alternative universe presenting a governance challenge to traditional institutions, laws, and concepts of territoriality.

On understanding economic reality at the beginning of the twenty-first century: an essay in remembrance of Professor Laski

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 403-419
Author(s):  
Josef Falkinger
Keyword(s):  
Market Economy ◽  
Business Models ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Separation Of Powers ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
First Century ◽  
Consumer Sovereignty ◽  
State Education ◽  
Core Concepts ◽  
Twenty First Century

Economic objects are objects which are produced by employing inputs and valued by applying a valuation procedure. In a market economy the valuation is performed by the price mechanism. Ideally market prices reflect the scarcity values corresponding to individual preferences. This article argues that new technologies and business models call the separation of production and valuation into question and thereby challenge the theoretical foundation of the market economy. In particular the finance and data industry turns beliefs and preferences from exogenous individual characteristics into produced objects. As a result, at the beginning of the twenty-first century economic activity shifts from the production of objects to the production of values and prices. The paper adopts a classical perspective and uses the production and reproduction scheme to outline a model of the smart economy. A smart economy is an Internet-based economy which employs (artificially intelligent) robots to produce sensor-enabled objects via which the behavior of consumers can be tracked and directed. The robots are owned by capital-owners who employ agents for developing the robots, designing data-based devices and business models, managing them, and financing them. The owners and their agents employ workers to complement robots and to provide personal services. The paper proposes investing more into the production and reproduction of consumer sovereignty, active citizenship, and the res publica, in order to avoid a dystopic brave new world. The author sketches an agenda for the maintenance and renewal of the institutions of a free and democratic society by confronting the smart economy with core concepts of European enlightenment: secularization, constitution and rule of law, separation of powers, nation state, education, and market order.

Prospects of Cities

2030 ◽  
2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rutger van Santen ◽  
Djan Khoe ◽  
Bram Vermeer
Keyword(s):  
New Technologies ◽  
Urban Landscape ◽  
First Century ◽  
Car Industry ◽  
Urban Street ◽  
Agrarian Society ◽  
Urban Transition ◽  
Parking Lot ◽  
Twenty First Century ◽  
The City

There’s a greater than 50 percent chance that when you look through your window, what you see is a landscape of concrete, asphalt, and cars. More than half the world’s population lives in cities, and the proportion is increasing—as are the problems associated with progressively denser and more aggregated communities. As we move further into the twenty-first century, the urban transition will gradually draw to a close after two centuries that transformed the human population from an agrarian society scattered over the surface of the earth to the highly compressed life of the city. The growth of urban living is one of the greatest paradoxes of our age. New technologies offer companies and individuals an unprecedented degree of locational freedom and mobility. We are increasingly able to see, hear, and sense one another, even when we are thousands of kilometers apart. More than ever people choose to live in close vicinity of each other, as if there were no other possibility to communicate. Once most people live in cities the urban landscape will have become the dominant habitat for human beings and explosive urbanization will inevitably come to an end. We will then enter an era of posturbanization in which the city will have to find a new dynamic. Growth will no longer come by drawing people in from outside. Will cities maintain their scale? Or will urbanization go into reverse, turning downtown Shanghai, Mumbai, and Chicago into wastelands as the twenty-first century progresses? Detroit offers a glimpse of what happens when a city ceases to breathe. What used to be a theater is now a parking lot; the residual population grows vegetables on former city squares; empty office blocks gradually succumb to the weather; the car industry has collapsed, and nothing has emerged to replace it. How can we prevent cities from falling apart under their own weight? Everywhere in a city, you’ll probably hear the growling and snarling of an urban street. You feel its heartbeat. The city’s hunger never wanes: It eats up its surroundings and excretes a constant flow of waste.

Beyond Broadcasting? TV for the Twenty-First Century

2008 ◽  
Vol 126 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Graham Meikle ◽  
Sherman Young
Keyword(s):  
New Technologies ◽  
First Century ◽  
Current Phase ◽  
Online Video ◽  
Video Streams ◽  
Cultural Norm ◽  
Twenty First Century ◽  
Modes Of Engagement

TV is being reshaped, reimagined and reinvented in unpredictable ways. Broadcasting has become only one of a set of options for the distribution of TV content, alongside cable, DVDs, internet downloads, and online video streams. Simultaneously, audiences have embraced new modes of engagement with audio-visual products, with many seamlessly shifting from the role of consumer to that of producer. Broadcasting still reigns, but its place as the normative television form is under greater threat than ever. The articles in this issue of MIA suggest that, while it may no longer be the cultural norm, broadcasting may still have a role to play in whatever television becomes. The current phase of television suggests contested continuities rather than radical seismic shifts, as the new technologies open up possibilities beyond broadcasting. Of most interest is the emerging tension between what newly empowered users want television to be, and the institutional desire to dictate the direction and pace of change.

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