Expression of Concern: The PHA-Skin Test Reflects Acquired T-Cell Mediated Immunocompetence in Birds

Higher IFN-γresponses to mycobacterial antigens were observed inBos taurus(Holsteins) than inBos indicus(Zebu) cattle which could due to differences in antigen recognition profiles between the two breeds. The present study was conducted to evaluate mycobacterial antigen recognition profiles of the two breeds. Twenty-three mycobacterial antigens were tested on 46 skin test positive (24 Zebu and 22 Holstein) using enzyme-linked immunospot assay (ELISPOT) and multiple antigen print immunoassay (MAPIA). Herds from which the study cattle obtained were tested for Fasciola antibody. The T cells from both breeds recognized most of the mycobacterial antigens at lower and comparable frequencies. However, antigens such as CFP-10, ESAT-6, Rv0287, Rv0288, MPB87, Acr-2, Rv3616c, and Rv3879c were recognized at higher frequencies in zebu while higher frequencies of T cell responses were observed to Hsp65 in both breeds. Furthermore, comparable antibody responses were observed in both breeds; MPB83 being the sero-dominant antigen in both breeds. The prevalence of Fasciola antibody was 81% and similar in both breeds. This piece of work could not lead to a definitive conclusion if there are differences in mycobacterial recognition profiles between the two breeds warranting for further similar studies using sound sample size from the two breeds.

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Tuberculin Skin Test Conversion and Reactivity Rates among Adults with and without Human Immunodeficiency Virus in Urban Settings in Ethiopia

Clinical and Vaccine Immunology ◽

10.1128/cvi.00098-06 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 13 (7) ◽

pp. 784-789 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Belete Tegbaru ◽

Dawit Wolday ◽

Tsehaynesh Messele ◽

Mengistu Legesse ◽

Yared Mekonnen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽

T Cell ◽

Tuberculin Skin Test ◽

Skin Test ◽

Hiv Positive ◽

Screening Methods ◽

Lower Sensitivity ◽

Urban Settings ◽

Cell Counts ◽

Immunodeficiency Virus

ABSTRACT To investigate whether low CD4+ T-cell counts in healthy and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected Ethiopians influence tuberculosis (TB) immunological memory, tuberculin skin test (TST) conversion and reactivity rates were investigated among adults with and without HIV infection in urban settings in Ethiopia. Reaction to the TST was analyzed with purified protein derivative by the Mantoux technique. A total of 1,286 individuals with TST results of ≥5-mm (n = 851) and ≤4-mm (n = 435) induration diameters were included. Individuals with ≤4-mm induration sizes were followed up for 21.4 ± 9.5 months (mean ± standard deviation) to observe skin test conversion. The overall TST reactivity (≥5-mm induration diameter) was 66.2% (n = 851). Reactivity was significantly lower among HIV-positive persons (40.5%) than among HIV-negative persons (68.7%) (P < 0.001). Of the above persons, 32 incident TB patients were checked for their TST status 13.05 ± 11.1 months before diagnosis and reactivity was found among 22 (68.7%) of them. Of the TST-negative persons with 0- to 4-mm indurations who were followed up for 3 years, the conversion rate to positivity was 17.9/100 person-years of observation (PYO) (14.4/100 PYO and 18.3/100 PYO in HIV-positive and -negative persons, respectively). Despite lower absolute CD4+ T-cell numbers in Ethiopians, higher TST conversion and reactivity rates show the presence of a higher rate of latent TB infection and/or transmission. The lower TST positivity rate before a diagnosis of TB disease showed the lower sensitivity of the test. This indicates the need for other sensitive and specific diagnostic and screening methods to detect TB infection, particularly among HIV-positive persons, so that they can be given prophylactic isoniazid therapy.

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T cell response to grass pollen allergens: Correlation with skin test reactivity and serum IgE levels

Immunology and Cell Biology ◽

10.1038/icb.1995.3 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 73 (1) ◽

pp. 17-22 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

B. BLAHER ◽

J. McCLUSKEY ◽

R. PUY ◽

D. CZARNY ◽

J. M. ROLLAND

Keyword(s):

T Cell ◽

Skin Test ◽

Grass Pollen ◽

Cell Response ◽

T Cell Response ◽

Pollen Allergens ◽

Skin Test Reactivity ◽

Serum Ige

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Phytohemagglutinin (PHA) skin test: A measure of intact cellmediated immunity

Pediatric Research ◽

10.1203/00006450-197108000-00030 ◽

1971 ◽

Vol 5 (8) ◽

pp. 378-378

Author(s):

Rechard J Bonforte ◽

R Michael Blaese ◽

Marcel Topilsky ◽

Louis E Stltzbach ◽

Philip R Glade

Keyword(s):

Skin Test ◽

Cellmediated Immunity ◽

Pha Skin Test

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Optimizing a Protocol to Assess Immune Responses after SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination in Kidney-Transplanted Patients: In Vivo DTH Cutaneous Test as the Initial Screening Method

Vaccines ◽

10.3390/vaccines9111315 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (11) ◽

pp. 1315

Author(s):

Yvelise Barrios ◽

Aurelio Rodriguez ◽

Andrés Franco ◽

Cristina Alava-Cruz ◽

Domingo Marrero-Miranda ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Immune Response ◽

T Cell ◽

Skin Test ◽

Natural Infection ◽

Screening Method ◽

Delayed Type Hypersensitivity ◽

Interferon Gamma Release Assay ◽

Cutaneous Test

Previously, the delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) cutaneous test with the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 has been shown to be a simple in vivo method to measure T-cell functionality after natural infection and in vaccinated individuals. Methods: Twenty-five kidney-transplanted recipients were immunized with two doses of the mRNA-based Pfizer–BioNTech COVID19 vaccine three weeks apart. Cell-immune response (CIR) was evaluated ten weeks later using an in vivo DTH skin test and in vitro with an interferon gamma release assay (IGRA). Humoral Immune Response (HIR) was determined by the measurement of specific IgG anti-S1 SARS-CoV-2. Results: Ten weeks after the second dose of the vaccine, 23 out of 25 transplanted patients had a positive DTH skin test, while in vitro CIR was considered positive in 20 patients. Unspecific stimulation was positive in all 25 patients, showing no T-cell defect. Seven out of twenty-five patients had a negative specific anti-spike IgG. CIR was positive in all immune-competent control patients. Conclusions: DTH is a useful, simple, and cheaper tool that can be used to assess cellular immune response, with an excellent correlation with the in vitro CIR. CIR assessment after vaccination in these immunocompromised patients is an excellent complement to HIR-based methods. This skin test could be used if classical in vitro methods cannot be applied.

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