Tuberculosis Prevalence Correlation to COVID-19 Mortality in Malaria Free Countries

Background: Both malaria and latent tuberculosis ( LTB) are possible factors related to decreased COVID-19 mortality. The malaria endemicity variable is a possible confounder when conducting a study on the correlation of LTB prevalence to COVID-19 mortality. Studies regarding LTB prevalence" according to different studies" did not adjust malaria endemicity as a possible confounder. Many malaria-endemic countries are high TB prevalent. Malaria-free countries could be: high, moderate, or low in TB prevalence. The main aim of this study is to look for the influence of TB prevalence on COVID-19 mortality. TB prevalence reflects LTB prevalence in the absence of malaria endemicity as a possible confounding factor in TB studies. Material and methods: The total chosen countries were 69 non-malaria endemic countries. Countries were classified according to TB prevalence groups into low, moderate, and high prevalent groups. Covid-19 deaths/Million(M) inhabitants were taken as reported on September 2, 2020. "Kendall's-τ Correlation Coefficient", "Kruskal-Wallis test, and Mann-Whitney test were used in statistical analyses.Results: We found inverse relationships between TB prevalence and COVID-19 deaths/ (M) inhabitants and a highly positive significant correlation coefficient was reported (0.008) in Kendall's-τ correlation coefficient test. Kruskal-Wallis test showed a significant relationship within studied groups. Furthermore, the low TB prevalent group had significant reverse associations with both high and moderate TB prevalent groups in the Mann-Whitney test.Conclusion: In the absence of possible malaria confounding, TB prevalence in malaria-free countries is inversely related to COVID-19 mortality in a highly significant association.

Assessing usability of QIAreach QuantiFERON® platform in a high Tuberculosis prevalence low-resource setting

BackgroundWe aimed to assess the usability of QIAreach QuantiFERON® platform in a high Tuberculosis prevalence low-resource setting. Assay usability was assessed across 6 laboratories in Zambia.MethodsUsability of QIAreach QuantiFERON and training needs for assay implementation were assessed across three domains: effectiveness, efficiency, and user satisfaction. Nine laboratory workers participated in the study. For each task, metrics on success (pass, fail, pass with hints), total task time, and ease of use rating (five-point Likert scale) were collected.ResultsOverall tasks completion rate was from 89–100%. 1/9 participants, could not understand software instructions. Average time from set up to results ranged from 22 to 40 min. Users with experience performing the QFT-plus assay completed the test faster than users without experience, 26 min versus 35 min. Two participants had difficulty loading the sample on QIAreach eStick. Two participants could not adjust the pipette to the required volume of 150 µL. Two participants did not mix the test sample properly. One participant transferred the sample buffer twice and added insufficient plasma to the sample processing tube. Two participants added the test sample to eStick sample port many times. One participant added wrong information in the software. User satisfaction ranged from 2 to 5.ConclusionThe QIAreach QFT assay is suitable to be implemented in remote areas with limited infrastructure. Further studies are needed to establish assay's performances as well as the feasibility of introducing this new assay at larger scale to improve TB control in regions with limited infrastructure.

Tuberculosis prevalence in animals and humans in the Republic of Kazakhstan

Background and Aim: Tuberculosis is an infectious disease that affects humans and animals. This study aimed to review the influence of economic and organizational, veterinary, and sanitary measures on the epizootic situation of animal tuberculosis and the epidemiological situation of human tuberculosis in the Republic of Kazakhstan. Materials and Methods: The epizootic situation of cattle tuberculosis in Kazakhstan was studied based on the annual statistics of allergy testing of animals with tuberculosis by the Committee for Veterinary Control and Supervision of the Ministry of Agriculture of the Republic of Kazakhstan, according to the results of allergic, clinical, and pathological studies, including laboratory studies of biomaterials from animals that reacted to tuberculin. Tuberculinization of cattle in the country is performed twice in the spring and autumn using tuberculin purified protein derivative for mammals. In addition, mass diagnosis of human tuberculosis is conducted by radiology. Results: The authors assessed the epizootic situation of tuberculosis in cattle in Kazakhstan from 1991 to 2019. The analysis results showed that at the beginning, the epizootic situation in cattle tuberculosis was challenging. However, since 2001, there has been a noticeable decrease in tuberculosis in animals in Kazakhstan, which has had a favorable effect on the epidemic situation of human tuberculosis. Conclusion: According to the analysis results, the measures used in the Republic of Kazakhstan to prevent tuberculosis improved the well-being of livestock farms. The proper conduct by qualified veterinary specialists on allergy testing of animals and differential diagnosis of nonspecific tuberculin reactions allows establishing an accurate epizootic picture of tuberculosis. Furthermore, strict adherence to instructions on the diagnosis and prevention of tuberculosis, implementation of developed veterinary, sanitary, and organization, and economic measures can improve the epizootic picture of tuberculosis, reducing the risk of human tuberculosis.

Association between household solid fuel use and tuberculosis: cross-sectional data from the Mongolian National Tuberculosis Prevalence Survey

Background Tuberculosis (TB) and indoor air pollution (IAP) are equally critical public health issues in the developing world. Mongolia is experiencing the double burden of TB and IAP due to solid fuel combustion. However, no study has assessed the relationship between household solid fuel use and TB in Mongolia. The present study aimed to assess the association between household solid fuel use and TB based on data from the Mongolian National Tuberculosis Prevalence Survey (MNTP Survey). Method The MNTP Survey was a nationally representative population-based cross-sectional survey targeting households in Mongolia from 2014 to 2015, with the aim of evaluating the prevalence of TB. The survey adopted a multistage cluster sampling design in accordance with the World Health Organization prevalence survey guidelines. Clusters with at least 500 residents were selected by random sampling. A sample size of 98 clusters with 54,100 participants was estimated to be required for the survey, and 41,450 participants were included in the final analysis of the present study. A structured questionnaire was used to collect information on environmental and individual factors related to TB. Physical examination, chest X-ray, and sputum examinations were also performed to diagnose TB. Results The use of solid fuels for heating (adjusted odds ratio (aOR): 1.5; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.1–2.1), male gender (aOR: 2.2; 95% CI: 1.6–3.2), divorced or widowed (aOR: 2.6; 95% CI: 1.7–3.8), daily smoker (aOR: 1.8; 95% CI: 1.3–2.5), contact with an active TB case (aOR: 1.7; 95% CI: 1.2–2.3), being underweight (aOR: 3.7; 95% CI: 2.4–5.7), and previous history of TB (aOR: 4.3; 95% CI: 3.0–6.1) were significantly associated with bacteriologically confirmed TB after adjusting for confounding variables. Conclusion The use of solid fuels for heating was significantly associated with active TB in Mongolian adults. Increased public awareness is needed on the use of household solid fuels, a source of IAP.

Challenges for Conducting the Tuberculosis Prevalence Survey and Widening the Scope for Ending TB from Low-Income Countries by 2035

The Tuberculosis Prevalence Survey Conducted In 2018-2019 Has Given The New Estimation Of TB Prevalence (117,000) In Nepal. Out Of The Estimated Burden, About 32,000 People Were Diagnosed And Registered In The National Tuberculosis Programme For Treatment In 2019. More Than Half Of The Projected Tuberculosis Cases Are Still Missing In The Country, Which Is A Major Challenge For Achieving The END TB Targets By 2035. The Study Aims To Identify The Challenges Of Carrying Out The National Tuberculosis Prevalence Survey (NTPS) And Recommend Possible Ways To Mitigate The Encounters In The Future Study. All Tuberculosis Prevalence Survey Reports Were Obtained From The World Health Organization As Grey Literature And Analyzed The Methods That They Used To Carry Out The Survey, Challenges They Faced While Conducting The Surveys, And Programme Implications After The Surveys. The Studies Used A Cross-Sectional Population-Based Random Sampling Method To Select The Clusters Using The Proportional Population To Size (PPS) Method To Select Primary And Secondary Sampling Units. Multiple Challenges Existed To Conduct The Survey In The Country. The Logistical And Transportation Of Sputum, Equipment, And Human Resources In Different Geographical Terrain, The Low Positive Rate In Culture Method And Less Priority Given For Health-Seeking Behavior And TB Risk Factors In The Survey. There Are Several Challenges For Conducting A Nationwide Survey. However, They Can Be Resolved By Developing Alternatives And Communicating The Plan In Advance. The Survey Always Provides The Ground To Improve And Expand The Scope Of Strategies And Interventions, Which Leads To Achieving The Desired Goals In The Programme.

Tuberculosis prevalence, knowledge of transmission and its association with vaccination of children

Background: Understanding the perceptions of patients regarding tuberculosis (TB) will enable better design of a comprehensive, client-oriented program for the disease. Methods: This study was conducted district-wise across India in 2015–2016 as part of the National Family Health Surveys (NFHS). Results: We discovered that the prevalence of TB remains significantly high, with quite a high percentage of people being unaware of the exact cause of disease proliferation. The majority of people believed that touching or sharing utensils can be a source of TB. This perception affected the participants’ responses about seeking diagnosis and treatment. However, it is a good sign that most people knew that TB is a curable disease that can be prevented to some extent if immunization with the Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine is done at the correct stage. So, a large section of the population had their children vaccinated. In addition, they would go for diagnosis if they had symptoms suggestive of the disease. Conclusion: Findings from this study are indicative of the fact that a large population is aware that health facilities can make a significant contribution to the treatment of tuberculosis. There is a need to further investigate how this information could potentially be used to enhance early seeking of appropriate services among TB patients.

The association of glycemic level and prevalence of tuberculosis: a meta-analysis

Background Diabetes is a well-known risk factor for tuberculosis and poorly glycemic control may increase the risk of tuberculosis. We performed a meta-analysis to explore the association of glycemic control in diabetic patients and their tuberculosis prevalence. Methods We included observational studies that investigated the prevalence of tuberculosis associated with glycemic control. The markers of glycated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) and fasting plasma glucose were used to evaluate the exposure of interest in the study. We searched related articles in PubMed, EMBASE and Web of Science through 14 December 2019. The Newcastle-Ottawa scale was used to assess the risk of bias of included studies. Results Seventeen studies (four cohort studies, five case-control studies and eight cross-sectional studies) were included, involving 1,027,074 participants. The meta-analysis found the pooled odds ratio of prevalent tuberculosis increased a 2.05-fold (95%CI: 1.65, 2.55) for the patients with HbA1c ≥7.0% compared to those with HbA1c concentration < 7.0%. Furthermore, we found the mean of HbA1c was higher in the diabetes mellitus with tuberculosis group than the diabetes-only group (P = 0.002). In the sensitivity analysis, the finding remains consistent. Conclusion Our study provides the evidence that poorly controlled diabetes in diabetics may be associated with increased prevalence of tuberculosis. More efforts should focus on screening tuberculosis in uncontrolled diabetes.