scholarly journals Handling Ibuprofen Increases Pain Tolerance and Decreases Perceived Pain Intensity in a Cold Pressor Test

PLoS ONE ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. e56175 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abraham M. Rutchick ◽  
Michael L. Slepian
Keyword(s):  
Pain Intensity ◽  
Cold Pressor Test ◽  
Cold Pressor ◽  
Pain Tolerance ◽  
Pressor Test ◽  
Perceived Pain

Chronic whiplash, pain and pain tolerance

2014 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 210-210
Author(s):  
Solbjørg Makalani Myrtveit ◽  
Jens Christoffer Skogen ◽  
Børge Sivertsen ◽  
Ólöf Anna Steingrímsdóttir ◽  
Audun Stubhaug ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Pain ◽  
Pain Intensity ◽  
Poisson Regression ◽  
Regression Models ◽  
Cox Regression ◽  
Cold Pressor Test ◽  
Cold Pressor ◽  
Pain Tolerance ◽  
Pressor Test ◽  
Chronic Whiplash

Abstract Aim Among individuals who experience whiplash accidents, around 20% develop chronic pain. We aimed to compare number of painful locations and pain intensity between individuals with chronic whiplash and individuals with other chronic pain, and to investigate whether differences could be explained by pain tolerance. Methods Employing data from the sixth wave of the Tromsø Study, individuals reporting whiplash were compared to individuals with other chronic pain. Number of pain locations was compared using Poisson regression, pain intensity using linear regression. Pain tolerance (cold-pressor test) was compared using cox regression; one model compared individuals with whiplash to those with other chronic pain, another model compared the two groups with chronic pain to pain-free controls. In order to investigate whether pain tolerance could account for differences in pain, the regression models were adjusted for time-till-failure in the cold-pressor test. Results Individuals with whiplash reported a higher number of painful locations (IRR = 5.23, 95%CI: 4.93–5.53 versus IRR = 3.57, 95%CI: 3.50–3.65) and higher pain intensity (mean: 7.80, 95%CI: 7.58–8.02 versus mean: 7.14, 95%CI: 7.08–7.21) than individuals with other chronic pain. Pain tolerance did not differ between these two groups, but compared to pain-free controls individuals in both groups had reduced pain tolerance. Conclusions Individuals with chronic whiplash had reduced pain tolerance compared to individuals without chronic pain, but not compared to individuals with other chronic pain. Reduced pain tolerance can account for some of the increased pain reported by individuals with chronic whiplash compared to controls but not compared to individuals with other chronic pain.

Differential pain modulation in patients with peripheral neuropathic pain and fibromyalgia

2012 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 116-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lise Gormsen ◽  
Flemming W. Bach ◽  
Raben Rosenberg ◽  
Troels S. Jensen
Keyword(s):  
Neuropathic Pain ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Cold Pressor Test ◽  
Cold Pressor ◽  
Pain Modulation ◽  
Pain Tolerance ◽  
Spontaneous Pain ◽  
Peripheral Neuropathic Pain ◽  
Pressor Test ◽  
Pain Patients

AbstractBackgroundThe definition of neuropathic pain has recently been changed by the International Association for the Study of Pain. This means that conditions such as fibromyalgia cannot, as sometimes discussed, be included in the neuropathic pain conditions. However, fibromyalgia and peripheral neuropathic pain share common clinical features such as spontaneous pain and hypersensitivity to external stimuli. Therefore, it is of interest to directly compare the conditions.Material and methodsIn this study we directly compared the pain modulation in neuropathic pain versus fibromyalgia by recording responses to a cold pressor test in 30 patients with peripheral neuropathic pain, 28 patients with fibromyalgia, and 26 pain-free age-and gender-matched healthy controls. Patients were asked to rate their spontaneous pain on a visual analog scale (VAS (0–100 mm) immediately before and immediately after the cold pressor test. Furthermore the duration (s) of extremity immersion in cold water was used as a measure of the pain tolerance threshold, and the perceived pain intensity at pain tolerance on the VAS was recorded on the extremity in the water after the cold pressor test. In addition, thermal (thermo tester) and mechanical stimuli (pressure algometer) were used to determine sensory detection, pain detection, and pain tolerance thresholds in different body parts. All sensory tests were done by the same examiner, in the same room, and with each subject in a supine position. The sequence of examinations was the following: (1) reaction time, (2) pressure thresholds, (3) thermal thresholds, and (4) cold pressor test. Reaction time was measured to ensure that psychomotoric inhibitions did not influence pain thresholds.ResultsPain modulation induced by a cold pressor test reduced spontaneous pain by 40% on average in neuropathic pain patients, but increased spontaneous pain by 2.6% in fibromyalgia patients. This difference between fibromyalgia and neuropathic pain patients was significant (P < 0.002). Fibromyalgia patients withdrew their extremity from the cold water significantly earlier than neuropathic pain patients and healthy controls; however, they had a higher perceived pain intensity on the VAS than neuropathic pain patients and control subjects. Furthermore, neuropathic pain patients had a localized hypersensitivity to mechanical and thermal stimuli in the affected area of the body. In contrast, fibromyalgia patients displayed a general hypersensitivity to mechanical and thermal stimuli when the stimuli were rated by the VAS, and hypersensitivity to some of the sensory stimuli.ConclusionsThese findings are the first to suggest that a conditioning stimulus evoked by a cold pressor test reduced spontaneous ongoing pain in patients with peripheral neuropathic pain, but not in fibromyalgia patients when directly compared. The current study supports the notion that fibromyalgia and neuropathic pain are distinct pain conditions with separate sensory patterns and dysfunctions in pain-modulating networks. Fibromyalgia should therefore not, as sometimes discussed, be included in NP conditions.ImplicationsOn the basis of the findings, it is of interest to speculate on the underlying mechanisms. The results are consistent with the idea that peripheral neuropathic pain is primarily driven from damaged nerve endings in the periphery, while chronic fibromyalgia pain may be a central disorder with increased activity in pain-facilitating systems.

Personality and Pain Tolerance Measures

1969 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 787-790 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. O. Davidson ◽  
C. Evalynne ◽  
A. McDougall
Keyword(s):  
Cold Pressor Test ◽  
Cold Pressor ◽  
Pain Tolerance ◽  
Pressor Test ◽  
Pressure Test ◽  
Cold Pressure ◽  
Cold Pressure Test

In an attempt to resolve a controversy in the literature about the relation of extraversion to pain tolerance, a Hardy-Wolff-Goodell heat test and a cold-pressure test of pain tolerance were given to 60 female Ss who comprised two groups. Analysis of the data indicated that neither extraversion not neuroticism was significantly related to pain tolerance as measured by either heat or cold methods ( rs ranged from –.09 to .09). Introverted Ss were much more variable in their pain tolerance on the cold pressor test than extroverts.

FC09-02 - Efficacy of distraction by means of virtual reality in the control and reduction of pain using the cold-pressor test

2011 ◽  
Vol 26 (S2) ◽  
pp. 1859-1859
Author(s):  
J. Gutiérrez-Maldonado ◽  
K. Cabas-Hoyos ◽  
O. Gutiérre Martínez ◽  
D. Loreto-Quijada ◽  
C. Peñaloza-Salazar
Keyword(s):  
Pain Intensity ◽  
Pain Perception ◽  
Pain Treatment ◽  
Cold Pressor Test ◽  
Time Estimation ◽  
Cold Pressor ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Pressor Test ◽  
Reduction Of Pain ◽  
Healthy Participants

IntroductionAttention plays an important rol in pain perception. Focusing attention in pain intensifies the painful experience whereas distraction may decrease its subjective sensation (Eccleston & Crombez, 1999).The purpose of the two studies is to establish the efficacy of distraction by means of VR in the control and reduction of pain using the cold-pressor test. In both studies threshold, tolerance, perceived pain intensity and time estimation were measured.Study 137 healthy participants were induced pain in two consecutive immersions using the cold-pressor test. The experiment was counterbalanced and all participants went through two experimental conditions: VR (stereoscopic screen) and black screen. A virtual environment “Surreal World” was designed based on distraction of attention techniques. Results showed that VR significantly increased threshold and tolerance, diminished pain intensity and perception of time.Study 235 healthy participants underwent two consecutive immersions using cold pressor: VR (using the updated version of Surreal World and 3D laptops) and black screen. VR significantly increased the threshold and tolerance, whereas variations in the estimation of time were barely significant.Differences in the results of the two studies could be accounted for by the immersive effect of the stereoscopic screen. Findings are discussed in relation to previous studies on VR and pain. Results support VR as an adjunctive method in pain treatment and allow proving its efficacy in patients with chronic pain.

Pain sensations to the cold pressor test in normally menstruating women: comparison with men and relation to menstrual phase and serum sex steroid levels

2007 ◽  
Vol 293 (4) ◽  
pp. R1711-R1716 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kent Stening ◽  
Olle Eriksson ◽  
LisKarin Wahren ◽  
Göran Berg ◽  
Mats Hammar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pain Intensity ◽  
Luteal Phase ◽  
Pain Threshold ◽  
Cold Pressor Test ◽  
Cold Pressor ◽  
Test Session ◽  
Gonadal Hormones ◽  
Follicular Phase ◽  
Pressor Test ◽  
Late Luteal Phase

The role of gonadal hormones on pain sensations was investigated in normally menstruating women ( n = 16) using the cold pressor test. Tolerance time, pain threshold, and pain intensity were examined once a week during a 4-wk period, and serum concentrations of 17β-estradiol and progesterone were determined at each test session, which were classified into the early follicular phase, late follicular phase, early luteal phase, and late luteal phase, as determined by the first day of menses and the actual hormone levels recorded. A group of men ( n = 10) of the same age interval was examined for comparison. The data show that pain threshold was reduced during the late luteal phase compared with the late follicular phase, and hormone analyses showed significant positive correlation between the progesterone concentration and lowered pain threshold and increasing pain intensity. Hormone analysis also showed an interaction between S-estradiol and S-progesterone on pain intensity, demonstrating that the increased perceived pain intensity that was associated with high progesterone concentrations was significantly reduced with increasing levels of estradiol. While no statistically significant sex differences in pain measurements were found, women displayed much more pronounced, and statistically significant, session-to-session effects than men, with increased pain threshold and decreased pain intensity with each test session. Hence, these data suggest that the changes in the serum concentration of gonadal hormones that occur during the menstrual cycle influence pain sensations elicited by noxious tonic cold stimulation and show that adaptation to the cold pressor test may be sex dependent.

scholarly journals Influence of Cognitive Orientation and Attentional Focus on Pain Perception

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (13) ◽  
pp. 7176
Author(s):  
Pierluigi Diotaiuti ◽  
Stefano Corrado ◽  
Stefania Mancone ◽  
Lavinia Falese ◽  
Angelo Rodio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Learned Helplessness ◽  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Pain Perception ◽  
Cold Pressor Test ◽  
Cold Pressor ◽  
Attentional Focus ◽  
Pressor Test ◽  
Perceived Pain ◽  
Positive Effect

Background. Recently, a growing interest has emerged in the role of attention and hypervigilance in the experience of pain. Shifting attention away from pain seems likely to reduce the perception of pain itself. Objectives. The present study has been designed to test the following overall hypotheses: (1) disposition to catastrophize, self-efficacy perceived in pain resistance (task self-efficacy), previous experiences concerning the tolerance of physical pain, and degree of impulsiveness are significant predictors of the decision to abandon a painful test such as the cold pressor test (CPT); (2) the manipulation of the attentive focus (internal or external) can influence the level of perceived pain. Methods. Effects of the manipulation of attentional focus (internal and external) on pain perception and response of trial abandonment were evaluated in a sample of university students (n = 246) subjected to the cold pressor test. Results. A significant effect (p < 0.05) was found through a test–retest comparison on the final level of perceived pain among subjects who had received instruction to externalize the focus of their attention (mixed factorial analysis of variance), but no significance was observed with respect to the decision to abandon the experiment. A general explanatory model of the abandonment behavior demonstrating overall good fit measurements was tested too. Conclusion. The abandonment of tests has been shown to be predicted mainly by catastrophic attitude. Attentive impulsiveness showed a further positive effect on catastrophic attitude. Perceived self-efficacy in the tolerance of pain limited learned helplessness, which in turn positively influenced catastrophizing.

scholarly journals Increased Pain Sensitivity in Low Blood Pressure

2008 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Duschek ◽  
W. Schwarzkopf ◽  
R. Schandry
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Pain Sensitivity ◽  
Pain Perception ◽  
Cold Pressor Test ◽  
Physiological Mechanism ◽  
Cold Pressor ◽  
Pain Tolerance ◽  
Mean Blood Pressure ◽  
Total Blood ◽  
Pressor Test

There is broad evidence for a functional interaction between the cardiovascular and pain regulatory systems. One result of this interaction is the reduced sensitivity to acute pain in individuals with elevated blood pressure, which has been established in numerous studies. In contrast to this, possible alterations in pain perception related to the lower range of blood pressure have not yet been investigated. In the present study pain sensitivity was assessed in 30 hypotensive women (mean blood pressure 95/56 mmHg) and 30 normotensive control persons (mean blood pressure 119/77 mmHg) based on a cold pressor test. Possible effects on pain perception of hypotension-related impairment of subjective state were controlled for by including a mood-scale. The hypotensive as compared to the normotensive group displayed lower pain threshold and pain tolerance levels, as well as increased sensory and affective experiences of pain. Moreover, a slight negative correlation was found, both in hypotensive and control persons, between pain sensitivity and the degree of blood pressure increase during the execution of the cold pressor test. In accordance with the previous findings on hypertension-related hypoalgesia, the present results suggest an inverse relationship between blood pressure and pain sensitivity across the total blood pressure spectrum. Different degrees of pain attenuation through afferent input from the arterial baroreceptor system are discussed as a physiological mechanism mediating this relationship.

scholarly journals Offset analgesia is not affected by cold pressor induced analgesia

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 695-701 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Dahl Nissen ◽  
Carsten Dahl Mørch ◽  
Lars Arendt-Nielsen ◽  
Asbjørn Mohr Drewes ◽  
Anne Estrup Olesen
Keyword(s):  
Pain Intensity ◽  
Assessment Tool ◽  
Cold Pressor Test ◽  
Cold Pressor ◽  
Pain Modulation ◽  
Descending Inhibition ◽  
Cold Pain ◽  
Pressor Test ◽  
Endogenous Pain Modulation ◽  
Healthy Participants

Abstract Background and aims Offset analgesia (OA) is a pain modulating mechanism described as a disproportionately large decrease in pain intensity evoked by a minor decrease in stimulus intensity. Precise mechanisms of OA are still not elucidated and studies are needed to evaluate factors modulating OA. The aim of this study was to investigate OA before and during tonic cold pain (thought to induce descending inhibition), in a group of healthy volunteers. Methods A randomized, crossover study was performed in 17 healthy participants (8 males and 9 females). The OA paradigm lasted 35 s and was induced by the traditional method using thermal stimulation applied to the forearm. A constant control heat stimulus (CTL) paradigm was used as control to assess adaptation. Pain intensity was assessed continuously. For induction of tonic cold pain, the participants immersed their hand into 2°C water for 2 min. After 1 min and 25 s, the heat stimulation (OA or CTL paradigm) was repeated to assess the modulatory effect of the cold pressor test. Results It was possible to induce OA both before and during the cold pressor test. Tonic cold pain modulated the peak pain reported during both the OA (p=0.015) and CTL paradigms (p=0.001) reflecting endogenous pain modulation. However, the magnitude of OA was not modulated by tonic cold pain (p>0.05). Conclusions The offset analgesia magnitude was not modulated by simultaneously tonic cold pain, thought to reflect another endogenous pain modulation mechanism. Implications Neither offset analgesia magnitude nor adaptation were modulated by cold pressor induced endogenous analgesia. This could be explained by the fact, that offset analgesia was already at maximum in healthy participants. Hence, offset analgesia may not be a suitable assessment tool to investigate modulation induced by experimental methods or pharmacology in healthy participants.

The Effects of Three Instructional Treatments on Pain Magnitude and Pain Tolerance: Implications for Theories of Hypnotic Analgesia

1986 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 321-337 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas P. Spanos ◽  
Virginia Gail Ollerhead ◽  
Maxwell I. Gwynn
Keyword(s):  
Cold Pressor Test ◽  
Cold Pressor ◽  
Pain Reduction ◽  
Pain Tolerance ◽  
Hypnotic Susceptibility ◽  
Pressor Test ◽  
Hypnotic Analgesia ◽  
Instructional Treatments

Between baseline and posttesting on the cold pressor test, subjects were assigned to four treatments: a) hypnotic analgesia, b) brief instructions to “Do whatever you can to reduce pain,” c) stress innoculation, and c) no instruction control. Participants in the three instructional treatments showed significantly greater baseline to posttest decrements in pain magnitude and significantly greater increments in pain tolerance than controls. However, the instructional treatments did not differ significantly from one another in these regards. Pretested hypnotic susceptibility correlated significantly with degree of pain reduction in the hypnotic analgesia treatment but not in the “Do whatever” or stress innoculation treatments. Theoretical implications are discussed.

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