scholarly journals Lignin concentrations in phloem and outer bark are not associated with resistance to mountain pine beetle among high elevation pines

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (9) ◽  
pp. e0250395
Author(s):  
David N. Soderberg ◽  
Bethany Kyre ◽  
Pierluigi Bonello ◽  
Barbara J. Bentz
Keyword(s):  
Bark Beetles ◽  
Mountain Pine Beetle ◽  
High Elevation ◽  
Brood Production ◽  
Outer Bark ◽  
Physical Defense ◽  
Mountain Pine ◽  
Pine Beetle ◽  
Insect Interactions ◽  
High Elevations

A key component in understanding plant-insect interactions is the nature of host defenses. Research on defense traits among Pinus species has focused on specialized metabolites and axial resin ducts, but the role of lignin in defense within diverse systems is unclear. We investigated lignin levels in the outer bark and phloem of P. longaeva, P. balfouriana, and P. flexilis; tree species growing at high elevations in the western United States known to differ in susceptibility to mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae; MPB). Pinus longaeva and P. balfouriana are attacked by MPB less frequently than P. flexilis, and MPB brood production in P. longaeva is limited. Because greater lignification of feeding tissues has been shown to provide defense against bark beetles in related genera, such as Picea, we hypothesized that P. longaeva and P. balfouriana would have greater lignin concentrations than P. flexilis. Contrary to expectations, we found that the more MPB-susceptible P. flexilis had greater phloem lignin levels than the less susceptible P. longaeva and P. balfouriana. No differences in outer bark lignin levels among the species were found. We conclude that lignification in Pinus phloem and outer bark is likely not adaptive as a physical defense against MPB.

scholarly journals Lignin accumulation in phloem and outer bark is not associated with resistance to mountain pine beetle in high elevation pines

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Soderberg ◽  
Bethany Kyre ◽  
Pierliugi Bonello ◽  
Barbara Bentz
Keyword(s):  
Bark Beetles ◽  
Mountain Pine Beetle ◽  
High Elevation ◽  
Brood Production ◽  
Outer Bark ◽  
Plant Insect Interactions ◽  
Physical Defense ◽  
Mountain Pine ◽  
Pine Beetle ◽  
Insect Interactions

A key component in understanding plant-insect interactions is the nature of host defenses. Research on defense traits among Pinus species has focused on specialized metabolites and axial resin ducts, but the role of lignin in defense within diverse systems is unclear. We investigated lignin levels in the outer bark and phloem of P. longaeva , P. balfouriana , and P. flexilis ; high elevation species in the western United States known to differ in susceptibility to mountain pine beetle ( Dendroctonus ponderosae ; MPB). Relative to P. flexilis , P. longaeva and P. balfouriana are attacked by MPB less frequently, and MPB brood production in P. longaeva is limited. Because greater lignification of feeding tissues has been shown to provide defense against bark beetles in related genera, such as Picea , we hypothesized that P. longaeva and P. balfouriana would have greater lignin concentrations than P. flexilis . Contrary to expectations, we found that the more MPB-susceptible P. flexilis had greater phloem lignin levels than the less susceptible P. longaeva and P. balfouriana . No differences in outer bark lignin levels among the species were found. We conclude that lignification in Pinus phloem and outer bark is likely not adaptive as a physical defense against MPB.

Acoustics of the mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae) (Curculionidae, Scolytinae): sonic, ultrasonic, and vibration characteristics

2013 ◽  
Vol 91 (4) ◽  
pp. 235-244 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.J. Fleming ◽  
A.A. Lindeman ◽  
A.L. Carroll ◽  
J.E. Yack
Keyword(s):  
Bark Beetles ◽  
Mountain Pine Beetle ◽  
Dendroctonus Ponderosae ◽  
Laser Doppler Vibrometer ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Acoustic Signaling ◽  
Mountain Pine ◽  
Pine Beetle ◽  
Close Range ◽  
Low Amplitude

Acoustic signaling is widespread in bark beetles (Scolytinae), although little is known about the physical characteristics of signals, how they are transmitted, and how they differ among behavioural contexts. Signals were studied in the male mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins, 1902) during stress, male–female, and male–male interactions. Sounds are broadband with significant energy in the ultrasound (peaks between 15 and 26 kHz) and low amplitude (55 and 47 dB SPL at 2 and 4 cm, respectively), indicating that signaling functions at close range. Signal trains vary among contexts primarily in the proportions of chirp types. Chirps were categorized as being simple or interrupted, with the former having significantly lower tooth strike rates and shorter chirp durations. Stress chirps are predominantly simple with characteristics resembling other insect disturbance signals. Male–female interactions begin with the male producing predominantly interrupted chirps prior to gallery entrance, followed by simple chirps. Male–male (rivalry) chirps are predominantly simple, with evidence of antiphonal calling. Substrate-borne vibrations were detectable with a laser-doppler vibrometer at short distances (1–3 cm), suggesting that sensory organs could be tuned to either air or substrate-borne vibrations. These results have important implications for future research on the function and reception of acoustic signals in bark beetles.

EFFECTIVENESS OF TWO PINE OILS FOR PROTECTING LODGEPOLE PINE FROM ATTACK BY MOUNTAIN PINE BEETLE (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE)

1985 ◽  
Vol 117 (11) ◽  
pp. 1445-1446 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles E. Richmond
Keyword(s):  
Bark Beetles ◽  
Pinus Contorta ◽  
Mountain Pine Beetle ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
The United States ◽  
Western North America ◽  
Residential Areas ◽  
Pine Oil ◽  
Mountain Pine ◽  
Pine Beetle

The mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins, is one of the most destructive bark beetles found on pine in western North America (McCambridge et al. 1979), particularly in forests of lodgepole pine, Pinus contorta Douglas var. latifolia (Furniss and Carolin 1977). The treatment registered in the United States for the protection of high-value trees in residential areas and recreational areas is 2% carbaryl applied to the bole of the tree with a hydraulic sprayer. Recently, pine oil, a derivative of paper pulp waste, was found to be an effective non-insecticidal repellent against several species of bark beetles (Nijholt et al. 1981).

Aerial application of verbenone reduces attack of lodgepole pine by mountain pine beetle

1992 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 436-441 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick J. Shea ◽  
Mark D. McGregor ◽  
Gary E. Daterman
Keyword(s):  
Bark Beetles ◽  
Mountain Pine Beetle ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Natural Resistance ◽  
Aerial Application ◽  
Mountain Pine ◽  
Northwestern Montana ◽  
Pine Beetle ◽  
Untreated Check ◽  
Antiaggregation Pheromone

Mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonusponderosae Hopkins, is the primary pest affecting lodgepole pine, Pinuscontorta var. latifolia Engelm., ecosystems in western North America. In 1988, aerial treatments of the antiaggregation pheromone, verbenone, were applied to lodgepole pine stands infested with mountain pine beetle in northwestern Montana. The pheromone was formulated by PHERO TECH Inc. in controlled-release, cylindrical 5 × 5 mm plastic beads and applied without benefit of a sticker at the rate of 54 g verbenone per hectare. There were significantly fewer successfully attacked trees on the treated plots, as evidenced by (i) a fourfold greater incidence of current-year attacked trees per hectare in the untreated check plots and (ii) the significantly lower (α = 0.05) ratio of 1988:1987 attacked trees in the treated plots. Further, the number of trees per hectare resisting attacks (as reflected by number of trees pitching out bark beetles) was higher (α = 0.05) in the treated plots. More pitch outs occurred in treated plots presumably because avoidance of verbenone by beetles reduced the number of beetles below that needed to overcome the natural resistance of attacked trees.

Evaluation of Stem-Injected TREE-äge® (4% Emamectin Benzoate) for Protecting Western White Pines (Pinus monticola) from Mountain Pine Beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins)(Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae)

2020 ◽  
Vol 46 (5) ◽  
pp. 333-346
Author(s):  
Joseph Doccola ◽  
Sheri Smith ◽  
Joseph Fischer ◽  
Brian Strom
Keyword(s):  
Bark Beetles ◽  
Mountain Pine Beetle ◽  
Tree Mortality ◽  
Dendroctonus Ponderosae ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Tree Age ◽  
Pinus Monticola ◽  
Emamectin Benzoate ◽  
Mountain Pine ◽  
Pine Beetle

The protection of high-value trees against bark beetles and the development of alternatives to bole sprays is a priority for the tree manager. The objective of this study was to evaluate stem-injected TREE-äge® (emamectin benzoate [EB]) as a protective treatment for western white pines (Pinus monticola Dougl. ex D. Don) against mountain pine beetle (MPB, Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins). Treatment efficacy was based solely on tree mortality as per Shea protocols (i.e., ≥ 60% check vs. ≤ 20% treated tree mortality). Our first experiment was installed in 2007 and included trees stem-injected with TREE-äge and untreated controls. Bole application of S-(-)-verbenone and green leaf volatile (GLV) blend was included for observational comparison. Pressure from MPB was heavy, as indicated by the number and timing of control tree mortality (90%). Strip attacks by MPB in TREE-äge trees indicated that the impacts of EB, and by inference its distribution, were inconsistent. In 2009, the injection protocol was revised to improve EB distribution in the phloem via closer injection points. In the 2009 TREE-äge-treated trees, adult beetle mining stopped when they contacted phloem and was insufficient to cause tree death by girdling. Blue-stain fungi colonized the sapwood of trees in both studies. Isolates from autopsied trees treated with TREE-äge alone were subsequently identified as Grosmannia clavigera and Leptographium longiclavatum (Ophiostomatales: Ascomycota), species that can incite tree mortality. In 2013, we revised our protocol to include GLV plus verbenone or propiconazole with TREE-äge, wherein these treatments proved effective in protecting trees against MPB and their associated pathogenic fungi.

A Useful Secondary Sex Character in Dendroctonus Bark Beetles

1958 ◽  
Vol 90 (10) ◽  
pp. 582-584 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. L. Lyon
Keyword(s):  
Bark Beetles ◽  
Mountain Pine Beetle ◽  
Abdominal Tergite ◽  
Dendroctonus Brevicomis ◽  
Western Pine Beetle ◽  
Mountain Pine ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Pine Beetle ◽  
Percent Accuracy

The sex of the western pine beetle (Dendroctonus brevicomis Lec.) and the mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus monticolae Hopk.) can be ascertained easily and with 100 percent accuracy by means of a secondary sex character on the seventh abdominal tergite of the male. This character can probably be used with equal accuracy to identify sex in all species of the genus Dendroctonus.The need to distinguish between the sexes of adult bark beetles often arises in studies of biology, behavior, or response. The sexing procedure is laborious when large numbers of beetles are involved and external markings of sex are not known. It is then necessary to dissect each beetle to check the genitalia. Dissection is impossible when iniury to the insect must be avoided.

A NEW FUNGUS IN THE GENUS CERATOCYSTIS OCCURRING ON BLUE-STAINED LODGEPOLE PINE ATTACKED BY BARK BEETLES

1964 ◽  
Vol 42 (5) ◽  
pp. 527-532 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robena C. Robinson-Jeffrey ◽  
A. H. Hertha Grinchenko
Keyword(s):  
Bark Beetles ◽  
Mountain Pine Beetle ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Mountain Pine ◽  
Pine Beetle

A new fungus, Ceratocystis huntii sp. nov., occurring on lodgepole pine (Pinus conlorla Dougl. var. latifolia Engelm.), attacked by the mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonusmonticolae Hopk), is described and figured.

scholarly journals A dendroecological assessment of whitebark pine in the Sawtooth–Salmon River region, Idaho

1996 ◽  
Vol 26 (12) ◽  
pp. 2123-2133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dana L. Perkins ◽  
Thomas W. Swetnam
Keyword(s):  
Tree Ring ◽  
Mountain Pine Beetle ◽  
Ring Width ◽  
High Elevation ◽  
Whitebark Pine ◽  
Spring Precipitation ◽  
Salmon River ◽  
Mountain Pine ◽  
River Region ◽  
Pine Beetle

Whitebark pine (Pinusalbicaulis Engelm.) tree-ring chronologies of 700 to greater than 1000 years in length were developed for four sites in the Sawtooth–Salmon River region, central Idaho. These ring-width chronologies were used to (i) assess the dendrochronological characteristics of this species, (ii) detect annual mortality dates of whitebark pine attributed to a widespread mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonusponderosae Hopkins (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)) epidemic during the 1909–1940 period, and (iii) establish the response of whitebark pine ring-width growth to climate variables. Cross-dating of whitebark pine tree-ring patterns was verified. Ring-width indices had low mean sensitivity (0.123–0.174), typical of high-elevation conifers in western North America, and variable first-order autocorrelation (0.206–0.551). Mountain pine beetle caused mortality of dominant whitebark pine peaked in 1930 on all four sites. Response functions and correlation analyses with state divisional weather records indicate that above-average radial growth is positively correlated with winter and spring precipitation and inversely correlated with May temperature. These correlations appear to be a response to seasonal snowpack. Whitebark pine is a promising species for dendroclimatic studies.

Fire-injured ponderosa pine provide a pulsed resource for bark beetles

2012 ◽  
Vol 42 (12) ◽  
pp. 2022-2036 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryan S. Davis ◽  
Sharon Hood ◽  
Barbara J. Bentz
Keyword(s):  
Bark Beetle ◽  
Pinus Ponderosa ◽  
Ponderosa Pine ◽  
Bark Beetles ◽  
Mountain Pine Beetle ◽  
Rocky Mountain ◽  
Dendroctonus Brevicomis ◽  
Brood Production ◽  
Pine Beetle ◽  
Tree Injury

Bark beetles can cause substantial mortality of trees that would otherwise survive fire injuries. Resin response of fire-injured northern Rocky Mountain ponderosa pine ( Pinus ponderosa Douglas ex P. Lawson & C. Lawson) and specific injuries that contribute to increased bark beetle attack susceptibility and brood production are unknown. We monitored ponderosa pine mortality and resin flow and bark beetle colonization and reproduction following a prescribed fire in Idaho and a wildfire in Montana. The level of fire-caused tree injury differed between the two sites, and the level of tree injury most susceptible to bark beetle attack and colonization also differed. Strip-attacked trees alive 3 years post-fire had lower levels of bole and crown injury than trees mass attacked and killed by bark beetles, suggesting that fire-injured trees were less well defended. Brood production of western pine beetle ( Dendroctonus brevicomis LeConte) did not differ between fire-injured and uninjured trees, although mountain pine beetle ( Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins) brood production was low in both tree types, potentially due to competition with faster developing bark beetle species that also colonized trees. Despite a large number of live trees remaining at both sites, bark beetle response to fire-injured trees pulsed and receded within 2 years post-fire, potentially due to a limited number of trees that could be easily colonized.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document