Delivery of Microinjected Eggs to Surrogate Mothers by Oviduct Transfer

Orangutans depend on social learning for the acquisition of survival skills. The development of skills is not usually assessed in rescued orphans’ pre-release. We collected data of seven orphans over an 18-months-period to monitor the progress of ontogenetic changes. The orphans, 1.5–9 years old, were immersed in a natural forest environment with human surrogate mothers and other orphans. Social interactions deviated significantly from those of wild mother-reared immatures. Infants spent more time playing socially with peers, at the expense of resting and solitary play. Infants were also more often and at an earlier age distant from their human surrogate mothers than wild immatures are from their biological mothers. We found important changes towards an orangutan-typical lifestyle in 4- to 7-year-old orphans, corresponding to the weaning age in maternally reared immatures. The older orphans spent less time interacting with human surrogate mothers or peers, started to use the canopy more than lower forest strata and began to sleep in nests in the forest. Their time budgets resembled those of wild adults. In conclusion, juvenile orphans can develop capacities that qualify them as candidates for release back into natural habitat when protected from humanising influences and immersed in a species-typical environment.

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The practice of surrogacy as a phenomenon of ‘bare life’: An analysis of the Japanese case applying Agamben’s theory

Current Sociology ◽

10.1177/0011392120964893 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 001139212096489

Author(s):

Yoshie Yanagihara

Keyword(s):

Japanese Society ◽

The United States ◽

Cultural Representations ◽

Bare Life ◽

Negative Attitudes ◽

Surrogate Mothers ◽

Political Perspective ◽

Mothers And Children ◽

History Of ◽

Magazine Articles

This article elaborates the cultural and political structures that inform the belief among Japanese that surrogacy is legitimate. It argues that this belief reflects a transition from previously negative attitudes toward surrogacy practices developed in the United States. The article first elaborates the history of the Japanese recognition of surrogacy by introducing early forms of East Asian surrogacy that lasted until the first half of the 20th century. Second, it explores the recent shift in Japanese discussions about surrogacy through an analysis of cultural representations on the topic, mainly referring to a dataset of magazine articles published from 1981 to the present. The author then calls upon Giorgio Agamben’s theoretical framework to discuss the juridico-political perspective of ‘bare life’ as it relates to surrogacy, and argues that considering surrogate mothers and children conceived through surrogacy as bare life makes surrogate practice seem reasonable in modern Japanese society. To conclude, the article stresses the importance of incorporating women’s reproductive functions into law to prevent women and their conceived children from becoming bare life, and being exposed to violence, in the form of a surrogacy contract.

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MAKING MONEY BY MAKING BABIES

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.92.4.599 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 92 (4) ◽

pp. 599-599

Author(s):

J. F. L.

Keyword(s):

New York ◽

Artificial Insemination ◽

State Legislatures ◽

Single Women ◽

The State ◽

State Health ◽

Surrogate Mothers ◽

New Business

The State of New York may be eager to attract new business, but there's one kind of inflow it would do well to avoid. According to state health officials, New York is fast becoming "the surrogate-parenting capital of the nation." New York accounts for some 40 percent of the several thousand surrogate parenting contracts signed so far in the nation, and the number is rising ... At least 17 state legislatures have decided it's harmful commerce, and forbidden it. So have Germany, France, Britain and a slew of other countries. But not New York . . . That's why advertisements like this one appear in New York newspapers: Married or single women with children needed as surrogate mothers for couples unable to have children. Conception to be by artificial insemination. Please state your fee. Contact ... For those who want children, infertility can be a tragedy. Allowing this kind of commerce, however, would be a greater one.

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