THE URGENCY AND IMPLICATION OF BREAST MILK DONOR IN INDONESIA IN MASHLAHAH PERSPECTIVE

In Islamic teachings, the issue of breastfeeding is a very important issue to pay attention to, because it can have an impact on the issue of the prohibition of marriage and lineage. The purpose of this study is to dig deeper into the urgency of breastfeeding donors and their implications based on the practice of breastfeeding donors in Indonesia, and a review of the mashlahah of these breast milk donors. This type of research is library research, with analytical descriptive method. This research uses mashlahah theory with ushul fiqh approach. As a result, breast milk donation in Indonesia can be done by fulfilling several conditions: first, the request of the biological mother or the baby’s family. Second, the identity, religion, and address of the breast milk donor are clearly known by the mother or family of the baby receiving the donor. Third, the approval of the breast milk donor by knowing the identity of the donor recipient baby. Fourth, the breast milk donor is in good health and has no medical indication. Fifth, breast milk is not traded. Meanwhile, based on Ijtihâd istishlâhî, breast milk donation which aims to help babies who do not get breast milk from their biological mothers for certain reasons, is a humanitarian aid to save human life. Therefore, it is legally permissible to donate breast milk and can be categorized as mashlahah dharuriyat if the mother of the baby is sick and the baby is premature or sick. Including mashlahah hajiyat if the baby’s mother dies, or her whereabouts are not known.

HAPPINESS OF PREGNANT WOMEN AND CHILDREN'S ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENTS VALUE IN KINDERGARTEN KHADIJAH

Background: Indonesia's education ranked sixth bottom of the 2018 world rankings compiled by the Program for International Student Assessment (PISA). The value of academic achievement is an indicator of the quality of students in the academic field. One of the factors that influence achievement is children's intelligence. Child's intelligence is influenced by the happiness of his mother during pregnancy. This study aims to analyze the relationship between the happiness of pregnant women and the value of children's academic achievement in TK Khadijah Gedangan. Method: This type of research is an observational analytic study, using a cross sectional approach. The study population was all TK-A and TK-B students at TK Khadijah Gedangan and their biological mothers. The total sampling method was carried out according to the inclusion criteria and exclusion criteria. Collecting data using a demographic questionnaire and OHQ which was translated into Indonesian. SPSS software was used to test the Spearman rank correlation statistical test. Result: Obtained N = 54, significance value 0.514, correlation coefficient value -.091. Conclusion: The happiness of pregnant women is not related to the achievement scores of kindergarten children.Keywords: happiness, pregnant women, academic achievement

Pathway to Expectations of Child Functioning Following Sexual Abuse: Caregiver Maltreatment History and Depressive Symptoms

Caregiver responses and behaviors often play a significant role in a child’s recovery following child sexual abuse (CSA). Caregiver expectations of their child’s postabuse functioning has been associated with child symptoms, such that negative expectations lead to worse outcomes for the child. Additionally, caregivers who experienced maltreatment in their own childhood may face difficulties providing support to their child after CSA. Caregivers’ own psychological symptoms may influence their expectations for their child’s future functioning following CSA. This study utilized structural equation modeling (SEM) to examine the association between caregivers’ childhood maltreatment histories, their expectations for their child’s future functioning following CSA, and the indirect effect of caregiver depressive symptoms on this relationship. Participants were 354 nonoffending caregivers presenting to treatment with their child following CSA disclosure. Caregivers were 23-72 years old ( M = 38.38, SD = 8.02), predominately white, and predominately biological mothers to the youth who were abused. Results indicated that caregivers who experienced maltreatment in childhood were more likely to experience depressive symptoms, which then lead to more negative expectations of their child’s future functioning. As negative expectations are associated with poorer outcomes for children following CSA, increased attention to caregivers’ depressive symptoms in treatment may promote more positive expectations for their child’s postabuse functioning.

EFFECT OF CBT ON DEPRESSION AMONG PARENTS WITH CHILDREN UNDERGOING COMPLEX CONGENITAL HEART SURGERY & PROLONG ICU STAY

Background: Mothers whose children are born with complex congenital heart disease (CCHD) experience stress during their children’s hospitalization in a cardiac intensive care unit (CICU). Method: This descriptive correlational study included 30 biological mothers of childrens admitted to a PICU who had undergone cardiac surgery for CCHD. Maternal and children demographics and responses to the Parental Stressor Scale: children Hospitalization and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory were collected. Results: The association between hospital stay and depression was found significant. Conclusions: Parents feel more stress when the child admission duration is more. Keywords: PICU., CCHD

Self-concepts of Adolescents who Experience Language Difficulties

Teens who experience language difficulties have difficulty communicating with their parents, peers and the community around them. In addition, language difficulties can affect adolescent self-concept, self-concept is an important thing in life, especially for adolescents, because adolescents' understanding of self-concept will determine and direct behavior in various situations. This study aims to determine the form of self-concept of adolescents who experience language difficulties and the impact of language difficulties on learning difficulties of adolescents in school. The objective of this study were three adolescents who were still in school and experiencing language difficulties with the classification according to DSM IV, namely, mixed receptive-expressive language disorders and the informants taken by the researcher were the biological mothers of each of the three respondents. The type of approach used is a qualitative phenomenological approach with a theoretical sampling technique. The results of this study indicate that respondents II and III form a positive self-concept in which both respondents accept their shortcomings and try to improve themselves. Meanwhile, respondent I formed a negative self-concept where respondent I did not accept his shortcomings and did not try to improve himself, respondent I was pessimistic about the competition and thought he was unable to fight. Respondents I, II and III experienced learning difficulties at school, however, respondents II and III had a solution to their learning difficulties by practicing before presenting the lesson, while respondent I preferred to be silent or angry because they could not express what they thought. So the study show that the three respondents form a self-concept and the impact on learning difficulties is different according to the influence of different aspects, factors and processes of self-concept formation.

Parental Leave Reforms in Finland 1977–2019 from a Diversity Perspective

In Finland, all parents, regardless of gender, are eligible for parental leave and there are no restrictive eligibility criteria. In practice, however, the statutory leave options are not equally available to all parents. Since the 1970s, steps have been taken in redesigning the leave scheme to make it more inclusive. Several reforms have been made to promote equality, mainly between women and men, but also between diverse families, such as adoptive families, multiple-birth families or same-sex parent families. The ‘demotherisation’ of parental-leave rights has slowly shifted the focus from biological mothers to fathers and non-biological parents. In the most recent reforms, the focus has widened from equality between parents to include equality between children regardless of the form of the family that they are born or adopted into.

Does Biology Drive Child Penalties? Evidence from Biological and Adoptive Families

This paper investigates whether the impact of children on the labor market outcomes of women relative to men—child penalties—can be explained by the biological links between mother and child. We estimate child penalties in biological and adoptive families using event studies around the arrival of children and almost 40 years of adoption data from Denmark. Short-run child penalties are slightly larger for biological mothers than for adoptive mothers, but their long-run child penalties are virtually identical and precisely estimated. This suggests that biology is not a key driver of child-related gender gaps. (JEL J12, J13, J16)

Determinate of diarrhea among under-five children in Northwest Ethiopia

This study aimed to assess the determinants of diarrhea among children under-five in Jabitehnan district, Northwest Ethiopia. A community-based cross-sectional study was done using a cluster sampling technique. The study was done in the Jabitehnan district from April to July 2019. The study was done among women who had children under five during the survey who settled in Jabitehnan district. The main outcome measure was the occurrence of diarrhea. A binary logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with diarrhea. The prevalence of diarrhea was found to be 19.8%. The child lived with whose non-biological mothers were 32.44 times more likely to be exposed to diarrhea compared to the child who lived with whose biological mothers. The odds of being diarrheal for a child whose mother does not wash her hand after latrine was 7.91 times higher than its counterpart. A child whose mother pregnant was 5.66 times higher risk of developing diarrhea than whose mother do not pregnant. The likelihood of diarrhea for children drinking unprotected water were14.1times higher than its counterpart. The magnitude of reported diarrhea was high. Child age, residence, drinking water, pregnant mother, toilet facility, washing hand after latrine, and child live with whom were the main determinates of diarrhea. Addressing these factors will help to prevent future morbidity and mortality of children and will assist in alleviating hygiene and refining their quality of life. Moreover, a trend-based sampling design might be considered for a better understanding.