SEVEN. The Apparent Incompatibility of the Law of Propagation of Light with the Principle of Relativity

Relativity ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 28-31
Keyword(s):  
Principle Of Relativity ◽  
Propagation Of Light ◽  
The Law

Part III Observance and Application of Treaties, 14 Treaties Establishing Objective Regimes

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Salerno Francesco
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Legal Order ◽  
Customary Law ◽  
Vienna Convention ◽  
Principle Of Relativity ◽  
International Legal Order ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
The Law

The issue of treaties establishing objective regimes has been neglected by the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties. Building on the principle of relativity of treaties, the Convention only deals with the effects of specific treaty rules on third states. This chapter argues that third states never acquire the same status of states parties, even when they consent to the specific treaty rules that affect them. Analysing the significance of treaties establishing objective regimes under general international law, it clarifies that such treaties may affect third states even when they do not embody rules of customary law. Due to the relevance for the international legal order of the unique erga omnes regime created by the treaty, the situation regulated by it can no longer fall within the scope of the absolute ‘freedom’ previously accorded to third states.

Law of physics 20th-century scientists overlooked. I. The velocity differential propagation of light

2020 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 163-174
Author(s):  
Conrad Ranzan
Keyword(s):  
Energy Loss ◽  
Electromagnetic Radiation ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Observational Evidence ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
Gravity Gradients ◽  
Propagation Of Light ◽  
Light Waves ◽  
The Law

Theorists of the 20th century had failed to recognize the law governing the prolonged interaction between electromagnetic radiation and gravity gradients—they had overlooked the principle of velocity differential propagation (the Principle). Historical background is provided and includes the bafflement surrounding the discovery of the cosmic redshift and its interpretation. The Principle is presented. Its application to gravity wells reveals that light waves traversing the external portion of a gravity well will intrinsically lose energy. The energy loss occurs during the inbound propagation AND during the outbound propagation. In other words, light undergoes redshifting throughout the entire journey. Three proofs are detailed. Observational evidence (several examples) is presented. Highlights are given of the momentous misinterpretation that could have been avoided if only there had emerged cognizance of the Principle. Examined is the question, How could it have happened that scientists missed the Principle? The implications for cosmology are profound.

Einstein’s Lectures

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanoch Gutfreund ◽  
Jürgen Renn
Keyword(s):  
General Relativity ◽  
Physical Theory ◽  
Mathematical Apparatus ◽  
Relativity Principle ◽  
Principle Of Relativity ◽  
Propagation Of Light ◽  
Temporal Aspects ◽  
Physical Laws ◽  
Conceptual Foundations ◽  
Morley Experiment

This chapter reproduces the extant text of the two lectures. In these two lectures, Einstein explains very thoroughly the principles and conceptual foundations of, first, special and then general relativity with a minimum of mathematical apparatus. He also includes qualitative discussions of the main experiential evidence supporting his theories, such as the Michelson-Morley experiment (which Einstein calls the Michelson experiment) as support for the validity of the relativity principle, and also of the propagation of light. The guiding theme is the principle of relativity, which he begins to explain in basic kinematic terms. In the conclusion of both his lectures, he emphasizes, first, that the most important task of a physical theory is to reduce the number of independent assumptions rooted in experience, and that, second, spatial and temporal aspects of reality are inevitably tied up with all other physical laws.

Derivation of special relativity from Maxwell and Newton

2008 ◽  
Vol 366 (1871) ◽  
pp. 1861-1865 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.J Dunstan
Keyword(s):  
Special Relativity ◽  
Experimental Work ◽  
Displacement Current ◽  
Lorentz Transformations ◽  
Speed Of Light ◽  
Principle Of Relativity ◽  
Propagation Of Light ◽  
Newton’S Laws ◽  
Laws Of Motion

Special relativity derives directly from the principle of relativity and from Newton's laws of motion with a single undetermined parameter, which is found from Faraday's and Ampère's experimental work and from Maxwell's own introduction of the displacement current to be the − c −2 term in the Lorentz transformations. The axiom of the constancy of the speed of light is quite unnecessary. The behaviour and the mechanism of the propagation of light are not at the foundations of special relativity.

New experimental tests of the special principle of relativity

1962 ◽  
Vol 270 (1342) ◽  
pp. 306-314 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Special Relativity ◽  
Good Deal ◽  
Experimental Tests ◽  
Absolute Velocity ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Theory Of Relativity ◽  
Principle Of Relativity ◽  
Upper Limit ◽  
Propagation Of Light ◽  
Velocity Of Propagation

In view of the far-reaching consequences of Einstein’s principle of relativity it is quite remarkable how few direct experimental tests of this principle have actually been performed. The classical experiments by Michelson (1881), and by Michelson & Morley (1887), on which the theory of relativity was based, date back to the end of the last century. Michelson & Morley utilized an interferometer arrangement which should allow the detection of a possible influence of the absolute velocity of the laboratory on the velocity of propagation of light. In accordance with the principle of relativity, no such influence was revealed by these experiments. However, this result was contested by Miller (1933), and even the later more accurate experiments of this type, performed by Joos as late as in 1930, provided only an upper limit for the ether drift of 1.5 km/s. Although this value is a good deal smaller than the 30 km/s of the earth’s motion around the sun, it is perhaps fair to say that if the principle of relativity had to be based on these experiments only, its foundation would be somewhat shaky. It is true that by now we have good experimental verifications of a large number of special relativity effects which ultimately are based on the principle of relativity. Nevertheless, it would be desirable to have other direct tests of this principle with a higher accuracy than the experiments of the Michelson-Morley type.

The Compton Effect in Wave Mechanics

1927 ◽  
Vol 23 (5) ◽  
pp. 500-507 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. A. M. Dirac
Keyword(s):  
Hamiltonian Function ◽  
Compton Effect ◽  
Relativity Theory ◽  
Hamiltonian Equation ◽  
Wave Mechanics ◽  
Matrix Mechanics ◽  
Principle Of Relativity ◽  
Direction Cosines ◽  
The Law ◽  
Image Position

The problem of the scattering of radiation by a free electron has been treated by the author on the basis of Heisenberg's matrix mechanics, which was first modified to be in agreement with the principle of relativity. The main point of this modification is that, whereas in the non-relativity theory one deals with matrices whose elements vary with the time according to the law eiwt, in the relativity theory the elements of the matrices must vary according to the law eiwt′ where t′ = t − (l1x1 + l2x2 + l3x3)/c if they are to determine correctly the radiation emitted in the direction specified by the direction cosines (l1, l2, l3), x1x2 and x3 being the coordinates of the electron at the time t. These matrices were obtained by writing the Hamiltonian equation of the system in the formwhere W′ is a variable canonically conjugate to t′ and H′ commutes with t′, and then using H′ as an ordinary Hamiltonian function of a dynamical, system that has W′ for its energy and t′ for its time variable.

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