Nature’s Perfection: Aristotle and Descartes on Motion and Purpose

Descartes holds that, insofar as nature is a purposeless, unthinking, extended substance, there could be no final causes in physics. Descartes’ derivation of his three laws of motion from the perfections of God thus underwrites a rejection of Aristotle’s conception of natural self-motion and teleology. Aristotle derived his conception of the purposeful action of sublunar creatures from his notion that superlunar bodies are perfect, eternal, living beings, via the thesis that circular motion is more complete or perfect than rectilinear motion. Descartes’ reduction of circular motion to rectilinear motion, achieved through his theological foundation of the laws of motion, thus marks a crucial break from Aristotle’s philosophy of nature. This paper argues that the shift from the Aristotelian conception of nature as self-moving and teleological to the Cartesian conception of nature as purposeless and inert, is not an empirical discovery but is rooted in differing conceptions of where perfection lies in nature.

Physical and mathematical modeling of cleaning fibrous material from coarse-grained litter

The article provides a recommended scheme and principle of operation of the cleaner of fibrous material from large litter. The results of theoretical studies to determine the laws of motion and the recommended parameters of the working bodies of the cleaning machine are presented. The results of comparative production tests of a fibrous material cleaner from large litter are given. Substantiated the receipt of parameters and modes of operation of the working bodies of the cleaner of fibrous material, in particular cotton.

Voluminous, Repetitive, and Intractable

In the late 1970s Paul Samuelson drafted the outline of a paper, never published, with a critical assessment of the theoretical innovations of postwar development economics. He found it a “vital” but essentially “not tractable” subject, with a “voluminous” and “repetitive” literature. This article discusses how that assessment fits in Samuelson’s published writings on economic development, throughout several editions of his textbook Economics, and in papers he wrote before and after that assessment. Increasing returns posed a main analytical hurdle, together with the elusive attempt to provide “laws of motion” of economic development. Samuel son’s notion of “tractability” may be traced back to Peter Medawar’s well-known definition of science as the “art of the soluble.”

Laws of Motion of the Lower Extremities and Structural-parametric Synthesis of Electro-hydraulic Executive Modules of the Active Exoskeleton According to the Criterion of Energy Suffiency

The object of the research is the electro-hydraulic executive modules (drives) of the exoskeleton of the lower extremities with a rigid structure of the power frame. The problem of schematic and parametric execution of modules located in the linkage joints of the exoskeleton which is used for verticalization of patients is considered. The aim of the study is to estimates energy consumption, sensitivity, establish a rational structure and parameters of modules that provide programmed movement according to the criterion of energy sufficiency. The laws of motion and diagrams of loads required for lifting a patient from a sitting position are presented.

4. The arrow of time

‘The arrow of time’ discusses where the arrow of time comes from. The fundamental laws of motion do not distinguish past and future. And yet the everyday world is full of manifestly asymmetric processes. This chapter discusses the apparent mismatch between the fundamental laws of nature and the manifest asymmetry of the everyday world. The temporal asymmetry is made precise by the second law of thermodynamics and the tension between the second law and the fundamental laws is addressed by the development of statistical mechanics.

Measuring the “weight” of human in vivo bio-inertia by legendary Galileo falling body experiments on a commercial 10m diving platform and gravitationally inversion of Newton's Three Laws of Motion into the Basic Laws of Evolution

Mutations of legendary Galileo falling bodies experiment with non-living objects in a non-isolated environment demonstrate that the recoverable internal motions of falling bodies can bind and polarize gravity over conventional Newtonian mass inertia. Bio quantum path experiments further interpret the binding mechanism and reveal the isolated logic restriction of Einstein’s equivalence principle. Mutations of the Cavendish experiment unveil 109 levels of gravitational differences between living and dead states. Mutations of the Galileo falling body experiments for living beings confirmed that such differences come from recoverable internal motion surface tension gravitational binding that can be calibrated as a measurable bio-inertia. We then calibrated the falling height difference for human in vivo bio-inertia on a commercial 10m diving platform and verified 98% of populations on Earth can safely be tested in this way with enough preparation training. In vivo lifetime gravitational binding curve that governs all biological parameters and reveals life evolutionary mechanisms becomes technologically feasible. These results, along with various facts, modulate the gravitational multi-surface tension region resonating model of in vivo bio quantum path inversion superposition. Photoelectric effect, PCR, GPCR, ancient CSF-ligament human Kungfu training systems, music harmonics, and board observations physically sustain this model. Newtonian Third Laws of motion are therefore evolved into Basic Laws of Evolution originates from surface tension non-unitary time inversion superposition that is different from the mathematical superposition in quantum mechanics; original memory negentropy is also disciplinarily integrated.

Newton and Knowledge of the Universe

Like Bacon, Descartes, and Galileo, Newton identified method as the key to discovering truths about the world, and like theirs, Newton’s method conflated induction and deduction in making claims about reality. Against Robert Hooke, Newton claimed that data spoke for themselves, as in his claim that his prism experiments directly proved that sunlight really was a combination of colors. In his theory of light, Newton claimed that his data allowed him to “deduce” that light was made up of corpuscles, against Christiaan Huygens’ claim that light was composed of spherical waves. In Newton’s mechanics, which became the cornerstone of modern mathematical physics, neither his definitions of space, time, matter, and motion nor his famous three laws of motion were deduced from experimental data. In his dismissal of Descartes’ method of reasoning and in his battles with Leibniz over the nature of reality, Newton was forced to confront the logical weakness of his ontological claims.

THE LAWS OF MOTION IN GAUGE THEORIES OF GRAVITY

The general theory of relativity (GR) states that the matter that generates the gravitational field cannot move arbitrarily, it must obey certain equations that follow from the equations of the gravitational field as conditions for their compatibility. In this article we analyze the laws of motion of charged matter in gauge theories of gravitation with higher derivatives of field variables. Object: to consider the laws of motion in gauge theories of gravitation. Task to analyze the laws of motion of charged matter in gauge theories of gravitation with higher derivatives of field variables. Conclusions: it is proved that the equation of an arbitrary gauge field of internal symmetry regardless of the specific type of its Lagrangian can be written both in the form of Einstein's equation and in superpotential form, i.e. as an expression of the total current of gauge charges through the superpotential determined by a specific type of Lagrangian that is, in the form of the Young-Mills equations. So this is a consequence of purely-symmetry theory. Also, a statement is proved in which the constraints on the equations of some fields, which follow from the assumption of the equations of motion for other fields. Research perspectives: nowadays, scientists register gravitational waves and analyze the conditions for their emission, and interest in the problem of motion has been renewed. Note that theories of gravity with higher derivatives of field variables in the Lagrangian of the gravitational field (for example, f(R)-theories) have become very popular in the present. Note that on the basis of the laws of motion of charged matter considered in the article in the gauge theory of gravity, it is possible to successfully further investigate the laws of motion in other theories of gravity, which can be useful in various areas of theoretical and experimental physics.