Haiti, Holy See (Vatican City State), Honduras

Keyword(s):  
Holy See ◽  
Author(s):  
Tommaso Di Ruzza

The “Roman Question” arose with the capture of Rome by the Italian Army on 20 September 1870, marking the dissolution of the Papal State and its annexation to the Kingdom of Italy. It was subsequently settled with the signing of a Treaty between the Holy See and the Kingdom of Italy on 11 February 1929, creating the Vatican City State. This chapter, while considering the historical background of the “Roman Question”, will examine it exclusively from the perspective of international law. Particular attention will be devoted to the debate on the international legal personality of the Holy See within the European context from 1870 to the early 1930s. The theories proposed by contemporary scholars can be regarded as a point of departure for discussions regarding the Holy See’s international legal personality and its union with the Vatican City State from the point of view of international law.


2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (10) ◽  
pp. 127
Author(s):  
Enrique Somavilla

La Santa Sede es el órgano de gobierno de la Iglesia católica, que se encuentra físicamente en el diminuto territorio del Estado de la Ciudad del Vaticano; que se encuentra sujeta al Derecho Internacional con personalidad jurídica internacional. La Curia romana es el brazo ejecutivo del gobierno de la Sede Apostólica. La autoridad suprema del Santo Padre se extiende por igual a la jerarquía eclesiástica como a los fieles cristianos; tanto individual como colectivamente. En virtud de su oficio pastoral, le corresponde dirigir al Estado de la Ciudad del Vaticano, como su Jefe de Estado; de llevar adelante la misión de Pedro como su sucesor al frente de la Sede Apostólica y ejercer el servicio de Supremo Pastor de la Iglesia católica en cuanto Vicario de Cristo, como ejercicio del ministerio petrino___________________________________________The Holy See is the organism of Catholic Church’s government which is found physically in the small territory of the Vatican City State. This one is subject of International Law with international judicial personality.  The Roman Curia is the executive branch of the Apostolic See government. The higher authority of the Holy Father spreads equally for ecclesiastical hierarchy and the faithful Christians, individually and collectively. The Pope, in virtue of his pastoral function, is the responsible of leading the Vatican City State as his chief of State. He also has to carry forward Peter’s mission as his successor in front of the Apostolic See and exercise the service as Supreme Shepherd of the Catholic Church as Vicar of Christ, exercising the Petrine Ministry.


Author(s):  
Enrique Somavilla Rodríguez

Con el título de Protocolo y Estado de la Ciudad del Vaticano, estado de la cuestión, se ha querido desarrollar el contexto de una realidad histórica que supone la existencia permanente de la Santa Sede a través de los tiempos como sujeto con personalidad jurídica internacional, mediante el cual, la Iglesia actúa y participa en el concierto de las naciones, y por otra, la personalidad internacional del Estado de la Ciudad del Vaticano; aquélla donde se trata de la soberanía espiritual y ésta de la soberanía político-temporal. En los Pactos Lateranenses de 1929, entre Italia y la Santa Sede, Tratado político, Convención financiera y Concordato, éste fue sustituido por otro en 1984, más en concreto en el artículo 2 del propio Tratado político establece: «Italia reconoce la soberanía de la Santa Sede en el campo internacional como atributo inherente a su naturaleza, de acuerdo con su tradición y con las exigencias de su misión en el mundo». De esta manera, partiendo del concepto de protocolo y sus clases, se pretende penetrar en el inmenso mundo de las tradiciones y costumbres del Estado de la Ciudad del Vaticano, teniendo en cuenta los diversos aspectos que son necesarios para su mayor comprensión: qué entendemos al hablar de la Santa Sede o Sede Apostólica y su ceremonial; qué entendemos por Estado de la Ciudad del Vaticano y su protocolo.With the title of Protocol and State of Vatican City, state of affairs, we tried to develop the context of a historical reality that is the continued existence of the Holy See through the ages as a subject of international legal personality by which the Church operates and participates in the concert of nations, and secondly, the international personality of the State of Vatican City is one where the spiritual sovereignty of sovereignty and this political storm. In the 1929 Lateran Treaty between Italy and the Holy See, Political Treatise, financial and Concordat Convention, he was replaced by another in 1984, more specifically in Article 2 of the Treaty itself political states: «Italy recognizes the sovereignty of the Holy See in the international arena as an attribute inherent in its nature, according to their tradition and the demands of his mission in the world. Thus, from the concept of protocol and its classes, is to enter the vast world of traditions and customs of the State of Vatican City, taking into account the various aspects that are necessary for better understanding: what we understand speak of the Holy See or the Apostolic See and ceremonial; what we mean by the State of Vatican City and its p With the title of Protocol and State of Vatican City, state of affairs, we tried to develop the context of a historical reality that is the continued existence of the Holy See through the ages as a subject of international legal personality by which the Church operates and participates in the concert of nations, and secondly, the international personality of the State of Vatican City is one where the spiritual sovereignty of sovereignty and this political storm. In the 1929 Lateran Treaty between Italy and the Holy See, Political Treatise, financial and Concordat Convention, he was replaced by another in 1984, more specifically in Article 2 of the Treaty itself political states: Italy recognizes the sovereignty of the Holy See in the international arena as an attribute inherent in its nature, according to their tradition and the demands of his mission in the world. Thus, from the concept of protocol and its classes, is to enter the vast world of traditions and customs of the State of Vatican City, taking into account the various aspects that are necessary for better understanding: what we understand speak of the Holy See or the Apostolic See and ceremonial; what we mean by the State of Vatican City and its protocol.


2017 ◽  
Vol 25 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 779-816
Author(s):  
Tseday Gizaw Hailu

The Holy See ratified the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (crc) in its dual personae as the government of the Catholic Church, and as the government of Vatican City State (vcs). The extent of the Holy See’s obligations under the crc in its former capacity is a current international debate, and the focus of this paper. The Committee on the Rights of the Child in its recent review process concluded that by ratifying the crc, the Holy See committed to its implementation, not only within the territory of vcs, but worldwide on behalf of Catholics “under its authority.” Conversely, the Holy See restricts its duty to that of the transmission of moral principles recognised in the crc to all people. This paper critically reviews the Committee’s concluding observations on the Holy See’s second periodic report, and ends by presenting possible alternatives to the Committee’s recommendations.


2015 ◽  
Vol 84 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-88
Author(s):  
Ntina Tzouvala

The revelation of a series of child abuse incidents committed by Catholic priests and other members of religious orders has given rise to the question of establishing the responsibility of the Holy See for these acts under international human rights law. This article focuses on the report issued in 2014 by the Committee on the Rights of the Child, the monitoring body of the Convention of the Rights of the Child (crc). It is argued that in order to fulfil this task we need to take three steps: first, to establish the relationship between the Vatican City state and the Hole See, a distinct and peculiar international legal subject. To do so, a historical account of the Holy See and its position within the fabric of international law is considered necessary. Secondly, this article argues that the crc was ratified by the Holy See both in its capacity as the government of the Vatican City and as a non-territorial legal subject. Hence, the application of the crc is not confined within the limited territory of the Vatican City, but ‘follows’ the authority of the Holy See irrespective of state borders. Thirdly, it is argued that the vertical, hierarchical structure of the Holy See is homologous to that of the modern state and, therefore, attribution rules can be applied by analogy in this case. The final conclusion is that it is possible to hold the Holy See responsible under the crc for acts of child abuse that occurred under its authority around the globe.


2005 ◽  
pp. 1995-1996
Author(s):  
Barry Turner
Keyword(s):  

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