On continental Basque dialects and some aspects of their chronology

2021 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-135
Author(s):  
Iñaki Camino
Keyword(s):  
Diffusion Model ◽  
Basque Country ◽  
The West

Abstract The aim of this study was to analyze the innovations of the Basque in the Salazar Valley, which is located in northeastern Navarre, and compare them with those of the Continental Basque Country in order to try to obtain chronological and geolinguistic information on the innovations of the wide eastern Basque Country. To achieve my purpose, I drew upon descriptions of the Basque dialect spoken in the Salazar Valley. This study analyzed texts dating from the 16th, 17th, 18th and 19th centuries from the Continental Basque Country as well as samples from the last two centuries from the Navarrese Pyrenees. The data collected from this region were examined with regard to the behavior of the isoglosses within the Continental Basque Country in earlier stages. I examined innovations with particular attention to what geographical diffusion model they showed and how far they spread. In addition, I analyzed what isogloss boundaries are recurrent and what innovations were transferred from the Pyrenees toward Navarre. I found that the Basque spoken in Lower Navarre has undergone change that has spread toward Labourd. Regarding contact with other dialects, it shares features with Labourdin to the west, and with Souletin to the east. On the assumption that Lower Navarre and Labourd have recently converged, a future hypothesis to test would be whether Lower Navarre merged with Soule in earlier stages.

Regularity of sound change through lexical diffusion: A study of s > h > in Gondi dialects

1998 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 193-220 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bh. Krishnamurti
Keyword(s):  
Diffusion Model ◽  
Central India ◽  
Sound Change ◽  
The West ◽  
Quantitative Studies ◽  
Normal Expectation ◽  
Lexical Diffusion ◽  
A Chain ◽  
Theoretical Proposal ◽  
Dravidian Language

ABSTRACTGondi is a Dravidian language spoken by 2.2 million speakers (Census of India 1981) in the mountains and forests of four adjacent states in central India. Gondi is a chain of several dialects, some of which, at distant points, are perhaps not mutually intelligible. A major dialect division is provided by a two-step sound change: s- > h- in the west, north, and northwest and h- > - in the south and southeast. The present article studies this two-step sound change, which is still in progress, and establishes two facts. First, contrary to the normal expectation that this sound change would be phonetically gradual and lexically abrupt (Neogram-marian type), there is evidence that it has been lexically gradual and perhaps also phonetically gradual (lexical diffusion). Second, phonetic gradualness and regularity in implementation of sound change are properties not incompatible with the mechanism of lexical diffusion. Labov's observation that s > h > has not been reported as a lexically diffused change in many quantitative studies of Portuguese and Spanish (1981) finds a clear exception in Gondi. Under the lexical diffusion model, the regularity of a sound change is defined as the final outcome in a three-stage change of the relevant lexicon: unchanged (u), variant (u ˜ c), and changed (c). If the entire eligible lexicon passed from u to c through u ˜ c, the change would become regular. If all u ˜ c became c and for some reason no item under u became u ˜ c, the sound change would die prematurely, since the variant stage which provided the rule for the innovation would be absent. Since a regular sound change can result from either the Neogrammarian model or the lexical diffusion model, Labov's (1994:542–543) theoretical proposal of complementarity between the kinds of changes resulting from the two mechanisms calls for more studies of sound change in progress to decide the issue.

scholarly journals Synoptic and local characteristics of severe wind episodes in the Basque Country.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseba Egaña ◽  
Santiago Gaztelumendi ◽  
Roberto Hernandez ◽  
Kepa Otxoa de Alda
Keyword(s):  
21St Century ◽  
Basque Country ◽  
Winter Season ◽  
Cold Season ◽  
British Isles ◽  
Local Pressure ◽  
The West ◽  
Synoptic Features ◽  
Strong Winds ◽  
Wind Events

<p>Episodes of very strong winds can occur in the Basque Country for different reasons. On the one hand, in the winter season (October-April) due to deep depressions that move from west to east within the intense zonal circulation, often passing through the British Isles. In the summer season (May-September) strong winds may be due to severe storms or "galernas" (coastal trapped disturbances). The most relevant and widespread damage occurs in the cold season, usually due to deep depressions or other configurations that generate a strong local pressure gradient. In fact, the most damaging situations affecting the Basque Country during the 21st century are related to deep low passages considered as explosive cyclogenesis events, the Klaus and Xynthia episodes.</p><p>This work analyses some of the most relevant wind events during the 21st century, in terms of synoptic configuration and local behaviour, using reanalysis data and observations from the Automatic Meteorological Stations (AWS) network of the Basque Country.  The final objective is to identify and classify the common behaviour among high impact weather episodes, understanding the main synoptic features and drawing general conclusions on how synoptic features condition relevant aspects at lower scales, where complex orographic effects are relevant.</p><p>In the Basque Country area, most extreme episodes correspond to intense zonal circulations where deep depressions are generated, often explosive cyclogenesis. If we look at the surface configuration, the most frequent case is that of the British low, also secondary lows to the primary one, which is located around the British Isles. Wind events generated by depressions passing through the Bay of Biscay are also frequent. In general, these situations generate southerly wind events that can sometimes turn to the west. Other less frequent situations that can generate intense winds are Atlantic lows to the west of the Iberian Peninsula, which generate southerly winds, or situations of high pressure in the Atlantic with low pressure in Europe, sometimes in France, which generate intense winds from the north and northwest. Locally, due to the complex orography and the configuration of the valleys in the Basque Country, the wind is channelled in different ways, affecting different areas depending on the direction and strength of the wind.</p>

Enumeration and Identification of Asbestos Fibres in Water

1974 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 526-527 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. Mudroch ◽  
J. R. Kramer
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Drainage Basin ◽  
Lake Superior ◽  
Research Work ◽  
List Type ◽  
The West ◽  
Asbestos Fibre ◽  
Amphibole Asbestos

Approximately 60,000 tons per day of waste from taconite mining, tailing, are added to the west arm of Lake Superior at Silver Bay. Tailings contain nearly the same amount of quartz and amphibole asbestos, cummingtonite and actinolite in fibrous form. Cummingtonite fibres from 0.01μm in length have been found in the water supply for Minnesota municipalities.The purpose of the research work was to develop a method for asbestos fibre counts and identification in water and apply it for the enumeration of fibres in water samples collected(a) at various stations in Lake Superior at two depth: lm and at the bottom.(b) from various rivers in Lake Superior Drainage Basin.

The fight to save Uganda’s White Rhino

1964 ◽  
Vol 2 (01) ◽  
pp. 6-12
Keyword(s):  
The West ◽  
West Nile ◽  
White Rhino

In the West Nile District of Uganda lives a population of white rhino—those relies of a past age, cumbrous, gentle creatures despite their huge bulk—which estimates only 10 years ago, put at 500. But poachers live in the area, too, and official counts showed that white rhino were being reduced alarmingly. By 1959, they were believed to be diminished to 300.

A new lithium diffusion model in layered oxides based on asymmetric but reversible transition metal migration

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 1269-1278 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyojin Ku ◽  
Byunghoon Kim ◽  
Sung-Kyun Jung ◽  
Yue Gong ◽  
Donggun Eum ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transition Metal ◽  
Diffusion Model ◽  
Layered Oxides ◽  
Layered Oxide ◽  
Reversible Transition ◽  
Lithium Diffusion ◽  
Metal Migration

We propose a new lithium diffusion model involving coupled lithium and transition metal migration, peculiarly occurring in a lithium-rich layered oxide.

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