scholarly journals Ex ante and ex post cost estimates of the Cluster Rule and MACT II Rule

2014 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 195-224 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cynthia Morgan ◽  
Carl Pasurka ◽  
Ron Shadbegian
Keyword(s):  
Pollution Abatement ◽  
Contributing Factors ◽  
Paper Mills ◽  
Capital Costs ◽  
Media Regulation ◽  
Ex Post ◽  
Ex Ante ◽  
Cluster Rule ◽  
Cleaner Technology ◽  
Compliance Strategy

Abstract:This paper compares EPA’s ex ante cost analysis of the Cluster Rule, EPA’s first integrated, multi-media regulation, and MACT II Rule to an ex post cost assessment. The goal of this assessment is to determine if actual costs diverged from ex ante costs and, if so, what factors caused this divergence. We find the EPA ex ante costs overestimated the ex post capital costs for the Cluster Rule by 30 to 100%. Contributing factors appear to be use of cleaner technology, flexible compliance options, site-specific rules, shutdowns and consolidations. Ex ante estimates for the MACT II Rule are found to be overestimated by 25% for capital costs and 200 or more percent for annual costs. The primary reason for the overestimate is the use of the bubble compliance strategy that required fewer paper mills to install pollution abatement equipment than anticipated by EPA.

Ex-Ante and Ex-Post Performance of Optimal REIT Portfolios

CFA Digest ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 8-9
Author(s):  
Ann C. Logue
Keyword(s):  
Ex Post ◽  
Ex Ante

Erreurs de prévision ex ante et ex post

1993 ◽  
Vol 108 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-138
Author(s):  
Pierre Malgrange ◽  
Silvia Mira d'Ercole
Keyword(s):  
Ex Post ◽  
Ex Ante

Effect of Starch on the Flocculation and Settling Behaviour of Titanium Dioxide Suspensions

1974 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 154-171
Author(s):  
S.N. Ray ◽  
C. Hsi ◽  
B.C. -Y. Lu
Keyword(s):  
Titanium Dioxide ◽  
Suspended Solids ◽  
Settling Velocity ◽  
Pollution Abatement ◽  
Paper Mills ◽  
Paper Making ◽  
Jar Test ◽  
Settling Behaviour ◽  
Dimensionless Function ◽  
Flocculation Rate

Abstract This study concerns the problem of removal of suspended solids from the effluent streams of paper mills by chemical treatment. As titanium dioxide is one of the ingredients used in paper mills and present in the effluent streams, its flocculation and settling behaviour were investigated. Jar test experiments were conducted using alum and organic polyelectrolyte as the flocculants. As starch is also used in the paper making process, its influence on the flocculation and settling behaviour of titanium dioxide was conducted with the concentration of starch varying between 0–3% of the dry solids. The experimental results on flocculation are expressed in terms of dimensionless function Gθϕ and flocculation rate constants. The fraction of solids settled is presented in terms of the settling velocity. Concentration of starch was found to have a significant influence. The amount of alum required could be reduced by 75% by using starch 0.6% of the amount of titanium dioxide in the suspension and at the same time improving the settling velocity two folds. A possible application of this finding in pollution abatement is discussed.

Water Pollution Abatement in Small Paper Mills in India

1988 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Panneerselvam
Keyword(s):  
Water Pollution ◽  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Pollution Abatement ◽  
Pulp And Paper ◽  
Operating Costs ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Pulp And Paper Mills ◽  
Paper Mills ◽  
Recovery System

In order to reduce the demand for the forest based raw materials by the organised industrial sectors like the large integrated pulp and paper mills, the Government of India started promoting several small-scale pulp and paper mills based on non-wood agricultural residue raw materials. However promotion of these small mills has created another environmental problem i.e. severe water pollution due to non-recovery of chemicals. Because of the typical characteristics like high silica content etc. of the black liquor produced and the subsequent high capital investment needed for a recovery system, it is not economically feasible for the small Indian mills to recover the chemicals. While the quantity of wastewater generated per tonne of paper produced by a small mill is same as from a large integrated pulp and paper mill with a chemical recovery system, their BOD load is four times higher, due to non recovery of chemicals. However the existing wastewater disposal standards are uniform for large and small mills for e.g. 30 mg BOD/l. To meet these standards, the small mills have to install a capital intensive wastewater treatment plant with heavy recurring operating costs. Therefore the feasible alternative is to implement various pollution abatement measures, with the objective of not only reducing the fibre/chemical loss but also to reduce the investment and operating costs of the final wastewater treatment system. To illustrate this approach, a case study on water pollution abatement and control in a 10 TPD mill, will be discussed.

Crime and Punishment

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Adelstein
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Liability ◽  
Court Case ◽  
Efficient Allocation ◽  
Two Stage ◽  
Crime And Punishment ◽  
The Past ◽  
Ex Post ◽  
Ex Ante ◽  
Supreme Court Case

This chapter elaborates the operation of criminal liability by closely considering efficient crimes and the law’s stance toward them, shows how its commitment to proportional punishment prevents the probability scaling that systemically efficient allocation requires, and discusses the procedures that determine the actual liability prices imposed on offenders. Efficient crimes are effectively encouraged by proportional punishment, and their nature and implications are examined. But proportional punishment precludes probability scaling, and induces far more than the systemically efficient number of crimes. Liability prices that match the specific costs imposed by the offender at bar are sought through a two-stage procedure of legislative determination of punishment ranges ex ante and judicial determination of exact prices ex post, which creates a dilemma: whether to price crimes accurately in the past or deter them accurately in the future. An illustrative Supreme Court case bringing all these themes together is discussed in conclusion.

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