The Potential Use of Nephelium lappaceum Seed as Coagulant–Coagulant Aid in the Treatment of Semi-Aerobic Landfill Leachate

Chemical-based coagulants and flocculants are commonly used in the coagulation–flocculation process. However, the drawbacks of using these chemical materials have triggered researchers to find natural materials to substitute or reduce the number of chemical-based coagulants and flocculants. This study examines the potential application of Nephelium lappaceum seeds as a natural coagulant–coagulant aid with Tin (IV) chloride (SnCl4) in eliminating suspended solids (SS), colour, and chemical oxygen demand (COD) from landfill leachate. Results showed that the efficiency of Nephelium lappaceum was low when used as the main coagulant in the standard jar test. When SnCl4 was applied as a single coagulant, as much as 98.4% of SS, 96.8% of colour and 82.0% of COD was eliminated at an optimal dose of 10.5 g/L and pH 7. The higher removal efficiency of colour (88.8%) was obtained when 8.40 g/L of SnCl4 was applied with a support of 3 g/L of Nephelium lappaceum. When SnCl4 was utilised as a coagulant, and Nephelium lappaceum seed was used as a flocculant, the removal of pollutants generally improved. Overall, this research showed that Nephelium lappaceum seed is a viable natural alternative for treating landfill leachate as a coagulant aid.

Efisiensi Penurunan Kadar COD, TSS, dan TDS pada Air Limbah Industri Pangan menggunakan Koagulan Poly Alumunium Chloride dengan metode Jar Test

Industri pangan menghasilkan air limbah berbahan organik dan padatan tersuspensi maupun terlarut yang tinggi. Salah satu proses pengolahan air limbah yaitu dengan proses koagulasi-flokulasi yang bertujuan untuk menghilangkan padatan tersuspensi dan zat organik yang dapat menyebabkan kekeruhan serta bau dengan penambahan koagulan. Penambahan koagulan pada instalasi pengolahan air limbah (IPAL) tidak dilakukan secara kuantitatif, sehingga perlu dilakukan percobaan dengan metode jar test. Tujuan percobaan untuk mengetahui pH dan dosis optimum serta efisiensi koagulan poly aluminium chloride (PAC) untuk menurunkan kadar chemical oxygen demand (COD), total suspended solid (TSS), dan total dissolved solid (TDS). Hasil uji parameter COD, TSS, dan TDS dibandingkan dengan Surat Keputusan Gubernur Tingkat 1 Jawa Barat (SK Gub TK 1 Jabar) No. 6 Tahun 1999 tentang Baku Mutu Limbah Cair Bagi Kegiatan Industri di Jawa Barat. Berdasarkan hasil percobaan diperoleh kondisi optimum koagulan PAC pada pH air limbah 6–7 dengan dosis koagulan optimum pada (80–90) mg/L. Hasil pengujian parameter TS, TDS, TSS, kekeruhan dan COD berturut-turut memberikan nilai efisiensi sebesar (52,6-57,8)%, (53,9-55,5)%, (52,4-58,1)%, (97,8-99,1)%, dan (71,6–77,1)%. Percobaan yang dilakukan membuktikan bahwa koagulan PAC mampu menurunkan kadar pada parameter uji dengan nilai efisiensi yang cukup besar.

Novel helical or coiled flocculator for turbidity reduction in drinking water treatment: a performance study

Helical or spiral coiled flocculator have not been applied in drinking water treatment yet in Indonesia. There were only a few articles discussed it with different themes like hydrodynamic, floc characteristic, and performance. This study was done to know the efficiency (performance) of helical flocculator with parameters velocity gradient, pipe and helical diameter, flowrate, detention time, coagulant dose. The study was divided into two steps: Jar test to determine the optimum dose of coagulant and flocculation experiments to evaluate the helical flocculator efficiency. Efficiencies were in the range of medium to high. On flowrate 13 ml/second was obtained good results for two pipe sizes but different in helical diameters. In 0.5 inch pipe with 0.8 m helical diameter the turbidity reduction efficiencies were 72.4% and 73.9% and sediment volume were 18.3 ml and 20.0 ml. In 0.625 inch pipe with 0.4 m helical diameter the turbidity reduction efficiencies were 76.7% and 78.5% and sediment volume were 14.3 ml and 19.7 ml. The optimum velocity gradient about 64.9–69.6 persecond and detention time about 438–649 seconds. The results showed that helical flocculator was effective for floc formation. Flowrate, pipe diameter, helical diameter were three key parameters to perform helical flocculator.

Options to improve the coagulation process operation in a drinking water treatment plant. Case study

Aluminum salts are widely used across Romania in surface water treatment as coagulants. It is well-known that the efficiency of these coagulants has a complex dependency on the nature of the raw water, being affected by temperature, pH, and suspended solids. The objective of this case study was to compare the coagulation-flocculation efficiency process of raw water from the Bega River, at low temperature and turbidity, taking into account the use of alternative coagulating agents such as alum, poly aluminum chloride (PAC), and their mixing in 1:1 ratio. The raw water samples were treated using the "Jar Test" procedure, comparable with the current plant conditions at Timisoara Waterworks and taking into account possible operational improvements. For the mixture method applied in which was combined alum and PAC in 1:1 mixing ratio were achieved lower concentrations in aluminum residual, TOC, and turbidity.

Evaluating the Effectiveness of Red Onion Skin Extract Derivatives as Oilfield Scale Inhibitors

With growing awareness of the environmental impact of some conventional production chemicals and concerns about the depletion of non-renewable natural resources, increased efforts are being made to use renewable and non-toxic materials in the oilfield. In this study, a potential green scale inhibitor was developed from the skin of red onions and evaluated for calcium sulphate, calcium carbonate and barium scale inhibition. Based on the different extraction processes utilized, two products were obtained and characterized using FTIR and SEM and evaluated using a static jar test procedure. The FTIR results confirmed the bands that make up the major constituents (quercetin) and other important compounds, which supports the present study. Laboratory evaluation show that ROSE can efficiently inhibit calcium sulphate scale and barium sulphate scales with a good inhibition rate of greater than 75% at an optimum dosage. Effect of temperature and dosage on inhibition performance revealed that ROSE is stable at higher temperatures and can effectively inhibit calcium and barium sulphate scales at nearly the same rate without degradation but requires additional dosage to produce same result for calcium carbonate scale. Also, the effect of time reveals that scale inhibitor performs a continuous CaSO4 and CaCO3 inhibition. Not only does ROSE perform excellently in the laboratory condition as a green scale inhibitor, but it also show a relatively close performance rate when compared to an existing commercial inhibitor which indicate that ROSE has a high potential for use in the oil industry.

Pilot-Scale Microsand-Ballasted Flocculation of Wastewater: Turbidity Removal, Parameters Optimization, and Mechanism Analysis

The flocs formed during microsand-ballasted flocculation (MBF) have attracted much attention. However, few studies have reported on comprehensive process parameters of MBF and its mechanism is still not well understood. Jar test and pilot-scale continuous experiments were here conducted on two kinds of simulated wastewater, labeled S1 (21.6-25.9 NTU) and S2 (96-105 NTU). Results revealed the hydraulic retention time ratio in the coagulation cell, injection & maturation cell, lamella settler of pilot-scale MBF equipment was 1: 3: 7.3. The optimum poly aluminum chloride doses for Samples S1 and S2 were 0.875 g/L and 1.0 g/L. Besides, the optimum size of microsand was 49-106 µm and the optimum dose was 1.0 g/L. Under aforementioned conditions, the effluent turbidity of S1 was below 0.47 NTU, lower than the Chinese drinking water standard; that of S2 was below 1.7 NTU, meeting the Chinese recycled water standard. Turbidity removal ranged from 98.0% to 98.8% for S1 and 98.5% to 99.5% for S2 when microsand was added. Therefore, microsand addition enhances MBF performance, where microsand serves as an initial core particle. Some microsand core particles bond together to form a dense core structure of micro-flocs by the adsorption bridging of inorganic polymeric flocculant. Moreover, the size of the largest micro-flocs may be controllable as long as the effective energy dissipation ɛ0 is adjusted appropriately through specific stirring speeds. This work provides comprehensive pilot-scale process parameters for using MBF to effectively treat wastewater and offers a clearer explanation of the formation mechanism of microsand-ballasted flocs.

Photocatalysis and flocculation processes for recycling aquaculture effluent into nutrient-rich irrigation water

This research aimed to create a novel technique for recovering fertilizers from aquaculture effluent to overcome potential non-renewable fertilizers shortages. There are two steps: Photocatalyst technique for nutrient mobilization, succeeded by solids precipitating with two natural and one synthetic flocculant. The photocatalytic degradation of organonitrogen compounds in batch experiments started under the irradiation of sunlight. Following that, photocatalytic breakdown of organonitrogen compounds produces inorganic nitrogen constituents like NH4+, NO2−, and NO3−, which could be used as manure. It was found that, after 12 h of circulating, the concentration of inorganic nitrogen become as NH4+ = 17.2 g/L, NO2− = 18.1 mg/L, and NO3− = 15.9 mg/L. The jar test was adopted to assess the capacity of two natural compounds (tamarind kernel polysaccharide (TKP) and tannin-based product (TBS)) and synthetic water-soluble polymer cationic polyacrylamide (SWP) to reduce turbidity, total suspended solids (TSS), COD and colour. The findings reveal that with a dose of 20 mg/L of TBS, 20 mg/L of TKP, and 50 mg/L of SWP, the maximum turbidity reductions were 95, 93, and 94%, respectively. The TBS was slightly better than TKP and highly better than SWP in terms of coagulation activities with TSS, COD and colour maximum removal efficiencies.

Influência da pré-cloração na clarificação de águas para abastecimento utilizando coagulante à base de tanino

RESUMO Diferentes técnicas de tratamento de água destinada ao abastecimento público, como a pré-cloração e o uso de coagulantes orgânicos, têm sido relatadas como alternativas econômica, técnica e ambientalmente viáveis. Entretanto, o resultado da interação entre esses processos deve ser estudado para sua aplicação com segurança. Dessa forma, este estudo objetivou avaliar a influência da pré-cloração na clarificação de água para abastecimento público, utilizando coagulante à base de tanino. Os ensaios foram conduzidos em jar test com o uso de Tanfloc SG como coagulante, variando as dosagens de 2,5 a 45,0 mg L−1, e de oxidante hipoclorito de sódio (NaClO) nas concentrações de cloro residual livre (HClO(NaClO)) de 0,8 e 5,0 mg L−1, no tratamento da água do ribeirão João Leite. As dosagens ótimas de coagulante foram determinadas para as seguintes condições de tratamento: adição somente de tanino; tanino e NaClO aplicados simultaneamente; e tanino adicionado após 30 min da pré-cloração. Nessas condições, o pH de coagulação foi analisado de 6,0 a 8,5. Foram avaliados parâmetros como turbidez, cor aparente, pH e HClO(NaClO). A melhor condição de tratamento com pré-cloração foi a adição simultânea de NaClO e coagulante tanino nas dosagens de 0,8 mg L−1 (HClO(NaClO)) e 10,0 mg L−1, respectivamente, com remoção de turbidez de 71,6% e cor aparente de 62,7%. Os resultados demonstraram que a pré-cloração afetou negativamente o processo de tratamento, e para maior concentração de HClO(NaClO) maior foi a dosagem de tanino requerida, sem apresentar aumento significativo nas eficiências de remoção de turbidez e cor aparente.

Drying And Extraction of Moringa Oleifera And Its Application In Wastewater Treatment

Conventional coagulants such as aluminum sulfate and ferric sulphate have proved to be harmful to human health as it may cause neurological diseases like Alzheimer and percentile dementia. These health concerns have led to the use of natural coagulants which are environmental friendly and not harmful to human health. In this study, Moringa Oleifera seeds are selected to study the preparation of the natural coagulant and further use it in dye wastewater treatment. The two important steps used in preparing the natural coagulants are drying of the raw materials and extraction of the protein content. Moringa Oleifera seeds were oven dried at 40°C, 50°C and 60°C and the drying data was recorded. The recorded data was then fitted into five thin layer kinetic models to obtain the most suitable drying temperature and its corresponding drying time. Using Microsoft Excel Solver 2011, values of (R2), (RMSE) and chi-square (X2 ) were calculated. Based on the highest value of (R2 ) and lowest value of (RMSE), Page kinetic model was selected. Moreover, for the selected Page kinetic model, values of (R2) and (X2) were also compared for all three temperatures and the temperature with the highest (R2) value and lowest chi-square value (X2) was selected as the most optimum drying temperature. The most optimum drying temperature for drying Moringa Oleifera seeds was obtained as 50°C as the seeds dried at this temperature holds the maximum protein content concentration which enhances its coagulation properties. Furthermore, the corresponding drying time of about 6.5 hours for seeds dried at 50°C was also taken as the most optimum drying time. In the next step, Moringa Oleifera seeds which have been dried at 50°C for 6.5 hours were used for protein extraction. Solid to solvent ratios of 0.5:100, 1:100, 2:100 and 5: 100 (g of dried Moringa oleifera seeds: ml of distilled water) were used to extract the protein by using a domestic blender for 2 minutes. Using the Bradford method, the absorbance for each solid to solvent ratio solution was recorded and the protein content concentration was further calculated. The highest protein content concentration of 0.0017 ug/uL was obtained in the best solid to solvent ratio which is 5.0: 100. Therefore, this solid to solvent ratio was used in the jar test. The jar test was based on three process parameters which includes coagulant dosage, pH and initial concentration of dye wastewater. The coagulant dosage of 300 mg/L, initial concentration of dye wastewater of 50 ppm and pH of 7 were selected as the most optimum process parameters for a maximum turbidity removal of 70.4% and a maximum color removal of 44.54% in the dye wastewater treatment with Moringa Oleifera seeds.

Factorial optimization of Coagulation-Flocculation process for Abattoir Wastewater using Carica Papaya seed extract as bio-coagulant

The objective of this research was to optimize the coagulation-flocculation process for abattoir wastewater by utilizing a bio-coagulant derived from Carica Papaya seed (CPS). The bio-coagulant (CPC) was extracted from the Carica Papaya seed using a 2M NaCl solution, and the coagulation-flocculation process was carried out using a bench scale jar test. Applying design expert (13.0.5.0), 23 full factorials with 5 center points, the effects of three factors: coagulant dosage (X1), pH of the wastewater (X2), and temperature (X3) on turbidity reduction efficiency were examined. Applying ANOVA, it was discovered that a linear model best characterizes the process, with a significant p-value of 0.0015, showing that the model is significant. Additionally, the temperature is a significant component in the model, with a p-value of 0.02 indicating that the temperature is statistically significant. A turbidity reduction efficiency of 90.02 % was attained at the optimum conditions of 0.75g/L of CPC, pH of 6, and temperature of 308 K.