Importance of Transverse Plane Flexibility for Proficiency in Golf

2021 ◽  
Vol Publish Ahead of Print ◽  
Author(s):  
Malachy P. McHugh ◽  
Catherine A. O'Mahoney ◽  
Karl F. Orishimo ◽  
Ian J. Kremenic ◽  
Stephen J. Nicholas
Keyword(s):  
Transverse Plane

Thalamic Reticular Nucleus in Caiman crocodilus: Immunohistochemical Staining

2018 ◽  
Vol 92 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 142-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael B. Pritz
Keyword(s):  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase ◽  
Immunohistochemical Staining ◽  
Medial Forebrain Bundle ◽  
Transverse Plane ◽  
Thalamic Reticular Nucleus ◽  
Reticular Nucleus ◽  
Acid Decarboxylase ◽  
Caiman Crocodilus ◽  
Monoclonal Mouse

The thalamic reticular nucleus in reptiles, Caiman crocodilus, shares a number of morphological similarities with its counterpart in mammals. In view of the immunohistochemical properties of this nucleus in mammals and the more recently identified complexity of this neuronal aggregate in Caiman, this nucleus was investigated using a number of antibodies. These results were compared with findings described for other amniotes. The following antibodies gave consistent and reproducible results: polyclonal sheep anti-parvalbumin (PV), monoclonal mouse anti-PV, and polyclonal sheep anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD). In the transverse plane, this nucleus is divided into two. In each part, a compact group of cells sits on top of the fibers of the forebrain bundle with scattered cells among these fibers. In the lateral forebrain bundle, this neuronal aggregate is represented by the dorsal peduncular nucleus and the perireticular nucleus while, in the medial forebrain bundle, these parts are the interstitial nucleus and the scattered cells in this fiber tract. The results of this study are the following. First, the thalamic reticular nucleus of Caiman contains GAD(+) and PV(+) neurons, which is similar to what has been described in other amniotes. Second, the morphology and distribution of many GAD(+) and PV(+) neurons in the dorsal peduncular and perireticular nuclei are similar and suggest that these neurons colocalize these markers. Third, neurons in the interstitial nucleus and in the medial forebrain bundle are GAD(+) and PV(+). At the caudal pole of the thalamic reticular nucleus, PV immunoreactive cells predominated and avoided the central portion of this nucleus where GAD(+) cells were preferentially located. However, GAD(+) cells were sparse when compared with PV(+) cells. This immunohistochemically different area in the caudal pole is considered to be an area separate from the thalamic reticular nucleus.

scholarly journals Biaxial Normal Strength Behavior in the Axial-Transverse Plane for Human Trabecular Bone—Effects of Bone Volume Fraction, Microarchitecture, and Anisotropy

2013 ◽  
Vol 135 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Arnav Sanyal ◽  
Tony M. Keaveny
Keyword(s):  
Trabecular Bone ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Elastic Anisotropy ◽  
Bone Volume ◽  
Transverse Plane ◽  
Mechanical Anisotropy ◽  
Bone Volume Fraction ◽  
Human Trabecular Bone ◽  
Strength Behavior ◽  
Normal Strength

The biaxial failure behavior of the human trabecular bone, which has potential relevance both for fall and gait loading conditions, is not well understood, particularly for low-density bone, which can display considerable mechanical anisotropy. Addressing this issue, we investigated the biaxial normal strength behavior and the underlying failure mechanisms for human trabecular bone displaying a wide range of bone volume fraction (0.06–0.34) and elastic anisotropy. Micro-computed tomography (CT)-based nonlinear finite element analysis was used to simulate biaxial failure in 15 specimens (5 mm cubes), spanning the complete biaxial normal stress failure space in the axial-transverse plane. The specimens, treated as approximately transversely isotropic, were loaded in the principal material orientation. We found that the biaxial stress yield surface was well characterized by the superposition of two ellipses—one each for yield failure in the longitudinal and transverse loading directions—and the size, shape, and orientation of which depended on bone volume fraction and elastic anisotropy. However, when normalized by the uniaxial tensile and compressive strengths in the longitudinal and transverse directions, all of which depended on bone volume fraction, microarchitecture, and mechanical anisotropy, the resulting normalized biaxial strength behavior was well described by a single pair of (longitudinal and transverse) ellipses, with little interspecimen variation. Taken together, these results indicate that the role of bone volume fraction, microarchitecture, and mechanical anisotropy is mostly accounted for in determining the uniaxial strength behavior and the effect of these parameters on the axial-transverse biaxial normal strength behavior per se is minor.

scholarly journals Patterns of hip flexion motion predict frontal and transverse plane knee torques during a single-leg land-and-cut maneuver

2011 ◽  
Vol 26 (5) ◽  
pp. 504-508 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristof Kipp ◽  
Scott G. McLean ◽  
Riann M. Palmieri-Smith
Keyword(s):  
Transverse Plane ◽  
Hip Flexion

The Femoral Footprint Position of the Anterior Cruciate Ligament Might Be a Predisposing Factor to a Noncontact Anterior Cruciate Ligament Rupture

2019 ◽  
Vol 47 (14) ◽  
pp. 3365-3372 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dimitris Dimitriou ◽  
Zhongzheng Wang ◽  
Diyang Zou ◽  
Tsung-Yuan Tsai ◽  
Naeder Helmy
Keyword(s):  
Anterior Cruciate Ligament ◽  
Matched Control ◽  
Cruciate Ligament ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Images ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Transverse Plane ◽  
Acl Rupture ◽  
Coronal Plane ◽  
Predisposing Factor ◽  
Anterior Cruciate

Background: Although the femoral tunnel position is crucial to anatomic single-bundle anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction, the recommendations for the ideal femoral footprint position are mostly based on cadaveric studies with small sample sizes, elderly patients with unknown ACL status, and 2-dimensional techniques. Furthermore, a potential difference in the femoral ACL footprint position and ACL orientation between ACL-ruptured and ACL-intact knees has not been reported in the literature. Hypothesis: The femoral ACL footprint position and ACL orientation vary significantly between ACL-ruptured and matched control ACL-intact knees. Study Design: Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: Magnetic resonance images of the knees of 90 patients with an ACL rupture and 90 matched control participants who had a noncontact knee injury without an ACL rupture were used to create 3-dimensional models of the femur and tibia. The ACL footprints were outlined on each model, and their positions (normalized to the lateral condyle width) as well as ACL orientations were measured with an anatomic coordinate system. Results: The femoral ACL footprint in patients with an ACL rupture was located at 36.6% posterior and 11.2% distal to the flexion-extension axis (FEA). The ACL orientation was 46.9° in the sagittal plane, 70.3° in the coronal plane, and 20.8° in the transverse plane. The ACL-ruptured group demonstrated a femoral ACL footprint position that was 11.0% more posterior and 7.7% more proximal than that of the control group (all P < .01). The same patients also exhibited 5.7° lower sagittal elevation, 3.1° higher coronal plane elevation, and 7.9° lower transverse plane deviation (all P < .01). The optimal cutoff value of the femoral ACL footprint position to prevent an ACL rupture was at 30% posterior and 12% distal to the FEA. Conclusion: The ACL femoral footprint position might be a predisposing factor to an ACL rupture. Patients with a >30% posterior and <12% distal position of the femoral ACL footprint from the FEA might have a 51.2-times increased risk of an ACL rupture.

Transverse plane rotation of the foot and transverse hip and pelvic kinematics in diplegic cerebral palsy

2011 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 218-221 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.S. Gaston ◽  
E. Rutz ◽  
T. Dreher ◽  
R. Brunner
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Palsy ◽  
Transverse Plane ◽  
Plane Rotation

Transverse-plane Pelvic Asymmetry in Patients With Cerebral Palsy and Scoliosis

2011 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 277-283 ◽  
Author(s):  
Phebe S. Ko ◽  
Paul G. Jameson ◽  
Tai-Li Chang ◽  
Paul D. Sponseller
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Palsy ◽  
Transverse Plane

Sensitivity of Intersegmental Angles of the Spinal Column to Errors Due to Marker Misplacement

2015 ◽  
Vol 137 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hossein Rouhani ◽  
Sara Mahallati ◽  
Richard Preuss ◽  
Kei Masani ◽  
Milos R. Popovic
Keyword(s):  
Relative Error ◽  
Sagittal Plane ◽  
Gaussian Function ◽  
Spinal Column ◽  
Transverse Plane ◽  
Lumbar Region ◽  
Experimental Errors ◽  
Rms Error ◽  
Lower Lumbar ◽  
Anterior Direction

The ranges of angular motion measured using multisegmented spinal column models are typically small, meaning that minor experimental errors can potentially affect the reliability of these measures. This study aimed to investigate the sensitivity of the 3D intersegmental angles, measured using a multisegmented spinal column model, to errors due to marker misplacement. Eleven healthy subjects performed trunk bending in five directions. Six cameras recorded the trajectory of 22 markers, representing seven spinal column segments. Misplacement error for each marker was modeled as a Gaussian function with a standard deviation of 6 mm, and constrained to a maximum value of 12 mm in each coordinate across the skin. The sensitivity of 3D intersegmental angles to these marker misplacement errors, added to the measured data, was evaluated. The errors in sagittal plane motions resulting from marker misplacement were small (RMS error less than 3.2 deg and relative error in the angular range less than 15%) during the five trunk bending direction. The errors in the frontal and transverse plane motions, induced by marker misplacement, however, were large (RMS error up to 10.2 deg and relative error in the range up to 58%), especially during trunk bending in anterior, anterior-left, and anterior-right directions, and were often comparable in size to the intersubject variability for those motions. The induced errors in the frontal and transverse plane motions tended to be the greatest at the intersegmental levels in the lower lumbar region. These observations questioned reliability of angle measures in the frontal and transverse planes particularly in the lower lumbar region during trunk bending in anterior direction, and thus did not recommend interpreting these measures for clinical evaluation and decision-making.

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