Subterranean Termite Control in Buildings † †This article first appeared in Pesticide Outlook, (1991) 2(1) 33-37 and is reprinted here with the permission of the Editor.

2005 ◽  
pp. 294-305
Author(s):  
J.W.M. Logan ◽  
D.S. Buckley
Keyword(s):  
Subterranean Termite ◽  
Termite Control

Coptotermes formosanus (Formosan subterranean termite).

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregg Henderson
Keyword(s):  
Native Species ◽  
Coptotermes Formosanus ◽  
Subterranean Termite ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Port Cities ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Termite Control ◽  
Exotic Pests ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The 1960S

Abstract C. formosanus is often transported by boats and shipping containers to port cities before being carried further inland via landscape materials such as railroad ties (railway sleepers). This may explain the current C. formosanus distribution in the USA with coastal areas more densely infested than inland areas (Hochmair and Scheffrahn, 2010). Temperature and humidity are primary factors affecting the establishment of C. formosanus, and it is potentially invasive to areas of high humidity approximately 35° north and south of the equator (Su and Tamashiro, 1987). Competition from native species is another limiting factor for many exotic pests, but C. formosanus is more aggressive and is known to out-compete the endemic termites such as Reticulitermes species. Another factor that has allowed the successful establishment and spread of C. formosanus in exotic areas has been the pest control industry's heavy reliance on soil termiticide barriers for subterranean termite control since the 1950s. Numerous studies, using mark-recapture methods, have revealed that a single colony of C. formosanus might contain several million termites that forage up to 100 m in the soil (Lai, 1977; Su and Scheffrahn, 1988). These agree with the results of excavation studies for C. formosanus colonies (Ehrhorn, 1934; King and Spink, 1969). Because of the large colony size, the application of soil termiticides beneath a structure does not usually have a major impact on the overall population, and the surviving colony continues to produce alates that can further infest nearby areas. Once established, C. formosanus has never been completely eradicated from an area. The dependency of soil termiticide barriers as the primary tool for subterranean termite control is probably the main reason for the establishment and spread of C. formosanus from four isolated port cities in the 1960s in the USA to all south-eastern states by 2001.

Oral Toxicity of Barium Metaborate to the Eastern Subterranean Termite (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae)

1990 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 112-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Kenneth Grace
Keyword(s):  
Reticulitermes Flavipes ◽  
Subterranean Termite ◽  
Oral Toxicity ◽  
Termite Control ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Filter Papers ◽  
Eastern Subterranean Termite ◽  
Barium Metaborate

The oral toxicity of barium metaborate monohydrate (Busan 11-Ml) to Reticulitermes flavipes (Kollar) was evaluated in no-choice assays by feeding termite workers for 15 and 30 days on filter papers treated with concentrations of 500–40,000 ppm (weight/weight). In the 15 day assay, 30,000 ppm resulted in 92 ± 17% termite mortality and a concomitant 86% reduction in paper consumption. Feeding for 30 days on 1,500 ppm resulted in 100% mortality. Reduced paper consumption was associated with termite mortality, and feeding on low concentrations did not differ from that on control papers. Concentrations ≥ 20,000 ppm provided protection from termite feeding, while concentrations ≤ 5,000 ppm may be applicable in developing baits for subterranean termite control.

scholarly journals Cloning and Heterologous Expression of Insecticidal-Protein-Encoding Genes from Photorhabdus luminescens TT01 in Enterobacter cloacae for Termite Control

2008 ◽  
Vol 74 (23) ◽  
pp. 7219-7226 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruihua Zhao ◽  
Richou Han ◽  
Xuehong Qiu ◽  
Xun Yan ◽  
Li Cao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Entomopathogenic Nematode ◽  
Enterobacter Cloacae ◽  
Coptotermes Formosanus ◽  
Subterranean Termite ◽  
Photorhabdus Luminescens ◽  
Recombinant Bacteria ◽  
Formosan Subterranean Termite ◽  
Termite Control ◽  
Protein Encoding ◽  
Encoding Genes

ABSTRACT Enterobacter cloacae, one of the indigenous gut bacteria of the Formosan subterranean termite (Coptotermes formosanus), was genetically modified with a transposon Tn5 vector containing genes (tcdA1 and tcdB1) encoding orally insecticidal proteins from the entomopathogenic bacterium Photorhabdus luminescens subsp. laumondii TT01, a symbiont of the entomopathogenic nematode Heterorhabditis bacteriophora, for termite control. In the laboratory, termites were fed filter paper inoculated with the recombinant bacteria. The chromosomal expression of the introduced genes showed that there were insecticidal activities against termite workers and soldiers challenged with the transformed bacteria. After termites were fed recombinant bacteria, the termite mortality was 3.3% at day 5, and it increased from 8.7% at day 9 to 93.3% at day 29. All the dead termites contained the recombinant bacteria in their guts. Transfer of the recombinant bacteria occurred between donor workers (initially fed recombinant bacteria) and recipient workers (not fed). More than 20% of the recipient termites ingested recombinant bacteria within 2 h, and 73.3% of them had ingested recombinant bacteria after 12 h. The method described here provides a useful alternative for sustainable control of the Formosan subterranean termite (C. formosanus) and other social insects, such as the imported red fire ant (Solenopsis invicta).

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