scholarly journals Repassivation Potential of Alloy 22 in Sodium and Calcium Chloride Brines

2008 ◽  
Vol 1107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raul B. Rebak ◽  
Gabriel O. Ilevbare ◽  
Ricardo M. Carranza
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Calcium Chloride ◽  
Crevice Corrosion ◽  
Nitrate Concentration ◽  
Chloride Concentration ◽  
Chloride Solutions ◽  
Sodium Chloride Solutions ◽  
Repassivation Potential ◽  
Alloy 22 ◽  
Cyclic Potentiodynamic Polarization

AbstractA comprehensive matrix of 60 tests was designed to explore the effect of calcium chloride vs. sodium chloride and the ratio R of nitrate concentration over chloride concentration on the repassivation potential of Alloy 22. Tests were conducted using the cyclic potentiodynamic polarization (CPP) technique at 75°C and at 90°C. Results show that at a ratio R of 0.18 and higher nitrate was able to inhibit the crevice corrosion in Alloy 22 induced by chloride. Current results fail to show in a consistent way a different effect on the repassivation potential of Alloy 22 for calcium chloride solutions than for sodium chloride solutions

scholarly journals Repassivation Potential of Alloy 22 in Chloride plus Nitrate Solutions using the Potentiodynamic-Galvanostatic-Potentiostatic Method

2006 ◽  
Vol 985 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth J. Evans ◽  
Raul B. Rebak
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Potentiodynamic Polarization ◽  
Crevice Corrosion ◽  
Potassium Nitrate ◽  
Potentiostatic Method ◽  
Repassivation Potential ◽  
Alloy 22 ◽  
Cyclic Potentiodynamic Polarization ◽  
Nitrate Solutions

AbstractIn general, the susceptibility of Alloy 22 to suffer crevice corrosion is measured using the Cyclic Potentiodynamic Polarization (CPP) technique. This is a fast technique that gives rather accurate and reproducible values of repassivation potential (ER1) in most cases. In the fringes of susceptibility, when the environment is not highly aggressive, the values of repassivation potential using the CPP technique may not be highly reproducible, especially because the technique is fast and because transpassive corrosion may influence or mask the nucleation and propagation of crevice corrosion. To circumvent this, the repassivation potential of Alloy 22 was measured using a slower method that combines Potentiodynamic-Galvanostatic-Potentiostatic steps (called here the Tsujikawa-Hisamatsu Electrochemical or THE method). The THE method applies the charge to the specimen in a more controlled way, which may give more reproducible repassivation potential values, especially when the environment is not aggressive. The values of repassivation potential of Alloy 22 in sodium chloride plus potassium nitrate solutions were measured using the THE and CPP methods. Results show that both methods yield similar values of repassivation potential, especially under aggressive conditions.

scholarly journals STUDIES IN EDEMA

1909 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 470-479 ◽  
Author(s):  
Moyer S. Fleisher ◽  
Leo Loeb
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Calcium Chloride ◽  
Ascitic Fluid ◽  
Intestinal Fluid ◽  
Antagonistic Action ◽  
Chloride Solutions ◽  
Sodium Chloride Solutions ◽  
Intestinal Fluids ◽  
Usual Rate

1. In non-nephrectomized animals the addition of adrenalin to sodium chloride solutions or to mixtures of sodium chloride and calcium chloride solutions increases the amount of urine and of ascites, and diminishes the intestinal fluid (this diminution takes place only with mixtures of solutions of sodium chloride and calcium chloride, the quantity of intestinal fluid remaining approximately unchanged in the sodium chloride series). 2. In nephrectomized animals the addition of adrenalin to sodium chloride solutions or to mixtures of sodium chloride and calcium chloride solutions again increases the ascites and diminishes the amount of intestinal fluid in both sodium chloride and sodium chloride plus calcium chloride series. 3. We find, therefore, a summation of the action of calcium chloride and adrenalin in regard to their influence upon the formation of ascites, an antagonistic action in regard to the elimination of urine; here the influence of calcium chloride in diminishing the urine is more potent than is the action of adrenalin in increasing the amount of urine. The adrenalin decreases the elimination of fluid into the intestines and in this case we note a summation of the actions of calcium chloride and of adrenalin. 4. We see, therefore, that adrenalin and calcium chloride influence the amount of ascitic fluid and of intestinal fluid in the same direction. The amount of urine is, however, decreased by calcium chloride and increased by adrenalin. 5. If we increase the rapidity of inflow of the solutions and simultaneously decrease proportionately the time of the infusion, the amount of ascites and intestinal fluids in nephrectomized animals remains approximately unchanged, as compared with the amounts obtained at the usual rate of inflow.

Determination of Crevice Corrosion Susceptibility of Alloy 22 Using Different Electrochemical Techniques

2010 ◽  
Vol 1265 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mauricio Rincon Ortiz ◽  
Martín A. Rodríguez ◽  
Ricardo M. Carranza ◽  
Raul B. Rebak
Keyword(s):  
Crevice Corrosion ◽  
Electrochemical Techniques ◽  
Localized Corrosion ◽  
Repassivation Potential ◽  
Alloy 22 ◽  
Cyclic Potentiodynamic Polarization ◽  
Corrosion Susceptibility ◽  
High Level Nuclear Waste ◽  
High Level

AbstractAlloy 22 belongs to the Ni-Cr-Mo family and it is highly resistant to general and localized corrosion. It may suffer crevice corrosion in aggressive environmental conditions. This alloy has been considered as a corrosion-resistant barrier for high-level nuclear waste containers. It is assumed that localized corrosion may occurs when the corrosion potential (ECORR) is equal or higher than the crevice corrosion repassivation potential (ER,CREV). The latter is measured by means of different electrochemical techniques using artificially creviced specimens. These techniques include cyclic potentiodynamic polarization (CPP) curves, Tsujikawa-Hisamatsu electrochemical (THE) method or other non-standard methods, such as the PD-GS-PD technique.The aim of the present work was to determine reliable critical or protection potentials for crevice corrosion of Alloy 22 in pure chloride solutions at 90°C. Conservative methodologies (which include extended potentiostatic steps) were applied for determining protection potentials below which crevice corrosion cannot initiate and propagate. Results from PD-GS-PD technique were compared with those from these methodologies in order to assess their reliability. Results from the CPP and the THE methods were also considered for comparison. The repassivation potential resulting from the PD-GS-PD technique was conservative and reproducible, and it did not depend on the amount of previous crevice corrosion propagation.

Localized Corrosion of Alloy 22 in Sodium Chloride Solutions at Elevated Temperature

CORROSION ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 61 (9) ◽  
pp. 857-871 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Priyantha ◽  
P. Jayaweera ◽  
G. R. Englehardt ◽  
A. Davydov ◽  
D. D. Macdonald
Keyword(s):  
Elevated Temperature ◽  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Localized Corrosion ◽  
Chloride Solutions ◽  
Sodium Chloride Solutions ◽  
Alloy 22

scholarly journals Corrosion Behavior of Alloy 22 in Oxalic Acid and Sodium Chloride Solutions

CORROSION ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 60 (9) ◽  
pp. 804-814 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. D. Day ◽  
M. T. Whalen ◽  
K. J. King ◽  
G. A. Hust ◽  
L. L. Wong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Oxalic Acid ◽  
Corrosion Behavior ◽  
Chloride Solutions ◽  
Sodium Chloride Solutions ◽  
Alloy 22

The Effect of Calcium on Sodium Influx and Loss in Gammarus (Amphipoda)

1971 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 485-496
Author(s):  
D. W. SUTCLIFFE
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Calcium Chloride ◽  
Calcium Ions ◽  
Gammarus Pulex ◽  
Sodium Influx ◽  
Chloride Solutions ◽  
Sodium Chloride Solutions ◽  
Consistent Manner ◽  
Sodium Loss

1. In Gammarus pulex and G. duebeni sodium influx from sodium chloride solutions and sodium loss into de-ionized water were not affected in a consistent manner by the presence of calcium ions at concentrations up to about 2 mM/l. 2. Sodium influx in G. pulex was depressed by the addition of 2-10 mM/l. calcium. 3. Sodium influx in G. zaddachi was stimulated by the addition Of 2-4 mM/l. calcium chloride but depressed by the addition of 20-53 mM/l. calcium chloride.

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