Because of a rising demand for complex porcine disease models for biomedical research, the approaches for their generation need to be adapted. In this study we describe the direct introduction of a gene construct into the pronucleus (PN)-like structure of cloned embryos as a new strategy for the generation of genetically modified pigs, termed “nuclear injection.” This new strategy could allow adding large constructs into cloned embryos with a genetically modified background. Moreover, the generation of multiple transgenic pigs based on already existing transgenic cells could be facilitated due to a reduction of recloning steps. To evaluate the reliability of this approach, developmental ability of the embryos in vitro or in vivo and integration or expression efficiency of the transgene were examined. Somatic cell NT using in vitro matured oocytes was performed. Wild-type cells were used as nuclear donors. Centrifugation was done 10 h after activation for visualisation of a PN-like structure. Subsequently, linearized pmaxGFP (10 ng μL–1; Amaxa Biosystems) was directly injected into the PN-like structure of the cloned embryos. Expression efficiency in blastocysts generated by nuclear injection was compared to blastocysts generated by the classical PN injection using in vitro-produced zygotes. Injected embryos were transferred to recipient pigs without green fluorescent protein (GFP) selection, and fetuses collected at Day 68 were characterised for their integration and expression pattern of the transgene. Eighty percent of the reconstructed embryos (633/787) exhibited a PN-like structure, which made them available for the method. Green fluorescent protein fluorescence was observed in about half of total blastocysts (52.5%, 21/40), which was comparable to classical PN injection (68.4%, 28/41). Green fluorescent protein fluorescence of blastocysts ranged from mosaic to uniform patterns. In total, 478 pmaxGFP-injected embryos were transferred into 4 recipients, 4 fetuses were collected from one of them. In one of the fetuses that developed normally, the integration of the transgene was confirmed by PCR in different major organs from all 3 primary germ layers and placenta. The integration pattern of the transgene was mosaic (43 out of 84 single-cell colonies established from kidney were positive for GFP DNA by PCR). However, the proportion of GFP-expressing cells was very low (5 out of 84 colonies expressed GFP), which might indicate silencing of transgene expression. Our pilot study demonstrated that the direct introduction of gene constructs into cloned embryos could be a new strategy for the generation of genetically modified pigs. This approach could also be applied to rescue embryos with lethal knockouts by transfer of corresponding human genes, to generate pigs as bioreactors, e.g. for antibodies.
This work was supported by the German Research Council – Transregio Collaborative Research Center 127 “Xenotransplantation.”
Effect of sequential C‐terminal tryptophans on green fluorescent protein fluorescence
