Morphological analyses of Pseudoidium anacardii infecting brazilian cashew plants

ABSTRACT Pseudoidium anacardii has emerged as a serious threat to cashew crops in Brazil, where a considerable decrease in production has been attributed to this fungus. This work describes the morphology of the fungus involved in the infection process of Brazilian cashew cultivars to establish differences related to the severity of the disease. Symptomatic and asymptomatic plants of six different cashew cultivars had their leaves or flowers collected and processed for scanning electron microscopy. For the flowers, massive aggregates of erect conidiophores were observed growing side by side on the petals or inserted among the sepal hairs for all cultivars, except cultivar ‘BRS 253’. For the leaves, mycelia covered their entire surface, and appressoria were well developed, multilobed, opposite in pairs or single, and deeply penetrated the epidermis. The asymptomatic leaves of the cultivar ‘BRS 189’ were fully covered by mycelium and conidiophores. These findings provide important information for the early detection of a fungal disease epidemic, which is important for monitoring its spread. The cultivars ‘CCP 76’ and ‘BRS 189’ presented infected flowers and leaves, but only the inflorescences were attacked in other genotypes. We suggest that variability in the anatomy of the cashew plant organs may be involved in plant mechanisms of defence, and this information can be employed in a cashew breeding programme.