scholarly journals Is There an Ideological Link Between Neopopulism and Neoliberalism?

2001 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 246-262
Author(s):  
VICTOR ARMONY
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Strong Link ◽  
Neoliberal Reforms ◽  
Presidential Discourse

ABSTRACT This paper deals with the resurgence of populism in Latin America, and particularly with the ideological underpinnings of this phenomenon. Quite unexpectedly, populism has reemerged in several countries, such as Argentina and Peru, in the wake of drastic and all-encompassing neoliberal reforms. This novel situation calls for a reinterpretation of the populist phenomenon. The author contends that neoliberalism and neopopulism have established a strong link at the ideological level. In order to provide empirical evidence for this hypothesis, a corpus of Carlos Menem’s presidential discourse has been analyzed. The author concludes by suggesting that neoliberalism itself tends to stir up populist tendencies in society.

scholarly journals Three Waves of Populism in Latin America

2014 ◽  
pp. 153-160
Author(s):  
O. V. Varentsova
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Import Substitution ◽  
Third Wave ◽  
Political Regimes ◽  
Political Transitions ◽  
Playing Field ◽  
The Third ◽  
Neoliberal Reforms ◽  
Hugo Chavez

Contemporary political regimes in Venezuela and Bolivia led by late Hugo Châvez (now by his successor Nicolas Maduro) and Evo Morales are considered by foreign and Russian scholars as part of the third wave of populism. In the 20th century Latin America already witnessed two waves of populism which coincided with significant political transitions, namely a transition from oligarchy to mass politics accompanied by implementation of import substitution industrialization policies, and a transition from authoritarian rule to democracy during the third wave of democratization which triggered neoliberal reforms inspired by Washington Consensus. This article presents common characteristics of Latin American populist regimes that emerged in different historical periods which help identify the origins as well as distinctive features of Venezuelan and Bolivian political regimes. It is stated that the Châvez and Morales left populist regimes resemble classic populist regimes in that they rely on incendiary anti-establishment discourse. Therefore, left populist regimes are characterized by high levels of polarization as well as weak institutionalization and class or indigenous orientation. Election of left populist leaders may lead to institutional deadlock, uneven playing field and transition to competitive authoritarianism.

Environmental performance of Brazilian companies: empirical evidence and implications for Latin America

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 107
Author(s):  
Herbert Kimura ◽  
Vinicius Amorim Sobreiro ◽  
Denise Pereira Curi ◽  
Roberto Borges Kerr ◽  
Luiz Carlos Jacob Perera
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Environmental Performance

scholarly journals DINÁMICAS DE URBANIZACIÓN TURÍSTICA EN EL LITORAL DE BUENOS AIRES, ARGENTINA

2021 ◽  
pp. 103-130
Author(s):  
Lorena Soledad Beier ◽  
Salvador Antón Clavé ◽  
Hernán Pedro Vigier
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Urban Development ◽  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Buenos Aires ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Processes Of Change ◽  
Economic Changes ◽  
Development Processes ◽  
Economic Reality ◽  
The Impact

El objetivo del presente trabajo es discutir el papel y el alcance del turismo en los procesos de urbanización del litoral en Argentina y, por extensión, en Latinoamérica. Para ello, se identifican grupos de ciudades según su dinámica turística de acuerdo a los cambios y continuidades demográficas y económicas que han experimentado durante el periodo 2001 - 2010. Los resultados obtenidos permiten entender de manera contextualizada la naturaleza y funcionalidad turística y urbana de las diferentes ciudades del litoral de la provincia de Buenos Aires. Así, se han identificado seis grupos de ciudades según los procesos de cambio que ha provocado en ellas el turismo y se ha evidenciado la diversidad, complejidad y dinamismo que presenta cada tipo de conglomerado según sus características particulares. Todo ello ha permitido visualizar la diversidad de destinos que existen en el litoral de la provincia según su situación urbana particular y su evolución turística reciente. Por último, se ofrecen evidencias empíricas que respaldan la concepción que el turismo no solamente tiene efectos diferenciales en los procesos de urbanización, sino que, en función de las circunstancias locales, genera dinámicas específicas que deben explicarse a partir del conocimiento de la realidad económica y la identidad de cada lugar. The aim of this paper is to discuss the role and the impact of tourism in Argentina´s and thus Latin America´s coastal urban development processes. Hence, groups of cities with different tourism dynamics are identified according to their demographic and economic changes and continuities during the period 2001-2010. The results allow us to understand in a contextualized way the nature and tourist and urban functionality of the different cities in the littoral of Buenos Aires. Thus, six groups of cities have been identified according to the processes of change that tourism has caused in them and the diversity, complexity and dynamism that each type of cluster presents according to its particular characteristics has been evidenced. All this has allowed to visualize the diversity of destinations that exist in the littoral of the province according to its particular urban situation and its recent tourist evolution. Finally, empirical evidence is offered that supports the conception that tourism not only has differential effects on urbanization processes, but especially taking into account local circumstances, generates specific dynamics at the local level that must be explained from the knowledge of the economic reality and the identity of each place.

The Washington Consensus in Latin America

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Judith Teichman
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Public Support ◽  
Commodity Prices ◽  
Washington Consensus ◽  
Left Turn ◽  
Reform Agenda ◽  
Neoliberal Reforms ◽  
New Policies ◽  
Key Aspects

Washington Consensus policies evolved over time, both in Washington and among Latin American policymakers. These policies, involving trade liberalization and privatization (among other measures), were widely adopted in the region by the early 1990s. A generation of scholarly work sought to explain how and why Latin American countries embarked on economic reforms that governments had strongly resisted in the past. While many researchers focused on the top-down nature of the market-liberalization process, others called attention to its pluralist character and argued that the process had considerable public support. When the original Consensus ideas proved ineffective in promoting growth and improved living standards, technocratic Washington added new policies. By the early 2000s, Washington’s goal became that of reducing poverty while ensuring the completion of the original Washington Consensus reforms. In Latin America, however, there was a growing disillusionment with the original reform agenda and a strong challenge to key reforms. With the rise of social mobilization critical of neoliberal reforms and the election of left regimes challenging their main precepts, scholarship turned to a discussion of the nature of the new regimes and the extent to which their policies deviated from the Washington Consensus (both its original formulation and the later expanded version). While most scholars identify the left leaders of Ecuador, Bolivia, and particularly Venezuela, as offering the greatest challenges to neoliberalism, there is no consensus on the extent of the challenge to neoliberalism presented by Latin America’s left regimes. Research has also given attention to the rising demand of China for Latin American commodities as a key ingredient in the region’s left turn away from neoliberalism. The fall in commodity prices, however, set the stage for a resurgence of the political right, its business supporters, and the re-introduction of some key aspects of the original Washington Consensus.

The Study of Symmetry in Empirical Aesthetics

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Bertamini ◽  
Giulia Rampone
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Neural Correlate ◽  
Strong Link ◽  
Aesthetic Responses ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Prefer Symmetry ◽  
Aesthetic Judgments

Symmetry has attracted interest from many scholars, scientists, and artists over the centuries. It has been described as a key principle of aesthetics as well as a factor in perception of shape. We critically review the empirical evidence regarding the link between symmetry and aesthetics, between symmetry and beauty/attractiveness, and between symmetry and affect, and discuss possible mechanisms. We show that, although symmetry entails regularity and redundancy, there is no clear and strong link between beauty and simplicity. Also, although symmetry influences aesthetic judgments, it is difficult to isolate a neural correlate of this link, suggesting that spontaneous aesthetic responses to symmetry are not elicited in the brain unless people are explicitly processing symmetry aesthetically. Finally, we show that preference for symmetry lies on a continuum from a universal tendency to prefer symmetry to obsessive need for order and balance.

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