scholarly journals Embryology and fertility of the natural tetraploid Lessingianthus plantaginoides (Asteraceae, Vernonieae): taxonomic implications

Rodriguésia ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 72 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yanina de Jesús Pérez ◽  
Maria Betiana Angulo ◽  
Ana Honfi ◽  
Massimiliano Dematteis
Keyword(s):  
Embryo Sac ◽  
Pollen Grains ◽  
Anther Wall ◽  
Meiotic Analysis ◽  
Polygonum Type ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Ontogenetic Study ◽  
Colonization Potential ◽  
Taxonomic Implications ◽  
Anther Wall Development

Abstract Lessingianthus plantaginoides (Vernonieae, Asteraceae) is a small natural tetraploid shrub that inhabits rocky highlands from South America. The population studied inhabits and covers an extensive region of a private reserve with high local biodiversity and animal and plant endemisms. With the purpose of providing insights into the cyto-embryology of this tetraploid species, the aims of this study were: to perform an ontogenetic study of the male and female gametophytes of L. plantaginoides; to carry out detailed meiotic analysis and evaluate the fertility of this species; to document and provide highlights on taxonomic implications of their reproductive aspects. Lessingianthus plantaginoides presented the following male and female gametophyte traits: dicotyledonous type of anther wall development, tetrahedral tetrads, 3-celled mature pollen grains; development of the chalazal megaspore, monosporic embryo sac and Polygonum type of megagametophyte development. The meiotic behavior was regular, the spores were tetrads of equal size and the pollen grains were highly stainable. Lessingianthus plantaginoides is a highly diplodized autotetraploid that reproduces sexually and has high meiotic regularity; which is apparently responsible for its colonization potential. It now seems certain that polyploid speciation plays a significant role in the establishment and diversification of the genus.

scholarly journals Some features of biology of the species genus Crocus (family Iridaceae)

2020 ◽  
pp. 94-100
Author(s):  
S. V. Shevchenko ◽  
N. N. Miroshnichenko
Keyword(s):  
Embryo Sac ◽  
Pollen Grains ◽  
Mature Pollen ◽  
Polygonum Type ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Research Results ◽  
Nest Box

The article presents the research results of the genesis of biology of Crocus angustifolius and Crocus speciosus . Some aspects of formation of the male and female gametophytes, pollination and seeds formation have been presented. The wall of microsporangium develops centripetally as monocotyledonous and formed consists of the epidermis, endothecium, 2-3 middle layers and secretory tapetum. A tetrad of microspores is formed simultaneously. Mature pollen grains are 2-cell. The ovary is three-celled, the ovary is anatropic, crassinucellous, bitegmal, funiculous. Polygonum-type embryo sac. Pedestal, podium and hypostasis are formed. Both species are entomophilous plants. The fruit is a multi-seeded three-nest box. Both species propagated by seeds and vegetatively using corms.

Sporogenesis, Gametogenesis, and embryogeny of Wahlenbergia bicolor N. Lothian

1963 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 152 ◽  
Author(s):  
G Want
Keyword(s):  
Mother Cell ◽  
Embryo Sac ◽  
Pollen Grains ◽  
Type A ◽  
Middle Layer ◽  
Anther Wall ◽  
Suspected Case ◽  
Polygonum Type ◽  
Chalazal Megaspore ◽  
Coastal Species

In Wahlenbergia bicolor, the anther wall is composed of four layers: epidermis, endothecium, middle layer, and tapetum. Wall formation and microsporogenesis are described, and the pollen grains are shed at the two-celled condition. The ovules are tenuinucellate, with a hypodermal archesporial cell which develops directly as the megaspore mother cell. Megasporogenesis is normal, and a monosporic eight-nucleate embryo sac of the most common Polygonum type develops from the chalazal megaspore. The antipodals degenerate before fertilization. The development of the embryo is of the solanad type. A suspected case of polyembryony was observed. The endosperm is cellular from its inception, and so conforms to the Codonopsis type. A micropylar and a chalazal haustoriurn, both consisting of two uninucleate cells, are formed from the endosperm. Comparative studies were made with a known but as yet undescribed coastal species of Wahlenbergia, and no differences were found.

Floral morphology and the development of gamethophytes in Eucalyptus melliodora A. Cunn

1968 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 19 ◽  
Author(s):  
GL Davis
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Floral Morphology ◽  
Embryo Sac ◽  
Pollen Grains ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Anther Wall ◽  
Polygonum Type ◽  
Threefold Increase ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Sea Area

Flower buds are first recognizable in late December at the commencement of new growth, and the deciduous bracts enclosing each cyme are shed about 3 weeks later. The buds increase rapidly in size, but anthesis does not occur until the end of September and the seeds are not shed from the capsules until the following August. The development of the double operculum and the floral parts is traced. Archesporal tissue is differentiated in the anthers in late February but ovule primordia are not formed until the end of March, by which time the stamens have reached their full size and anther wall formation is well advanced. In each bud events in the anthers and ovules are broadly comparable, but variation in the stages of development occurs between buds on the same branch. Meiosis takes place during the winter months, and embryo sac development follows the Polygonum type. The components of the egg apparatus undergo a threefold increase in size after their formation and, whereas the egg contains little cytoplasm, the synergids become densely cytoplasmic and laterally hooked. The pollen grains are two-celled when they are shed through the slits at the apices of the anthers. A comparison is made of the embryology of E. melliodora and that of species cultivated in Italy and the Black Sea area of the Soviet Union.

Embryology of Polygonatum (Asparagaceae) and its systematic significance

Phytotaxa ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 350 (3) ◽  
pp. 235
Author(s):  
YUAN-YUAN SONG ◽  
YUN-YUN ZHAO ◽  
JIA-XI LIU
Keyword(s):  
Female Gametophyte ◽  
Embryo Sac ◽  
Pollen Grains ◽  
Mature Pollen ◽  
Polygonum Type ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Systematic Significance ◽  
Embryo Sac Development

In this study, we systematically studied the microsporogenesis, megasporogenesis, as well as development of male and female gametophyte of Polygonatum macropodum and P. sibiricum using the conventional paraffin sectioning technique. Our results showed that 1) microsporocytes cytokinesis is of the successive type; 2) microspore tetrads are tetragonal or tetrahedral; 3) mature pollen grains are two-celled or three-celled; 4) ovary is superior and trilocular, with axile placentas bearing 4–6 anatropous per locule; 5) ovules are anatropous, crassinucellate and bitegmic, with micropyle formed by the inner integument; 6) megaspore tetrads are linear or T-shaped; 7) embryo sac development is typically of Polygonum-type. The embryological features of Polygonatum support its inclusion of Asparagaceae in Asparagales.

scholarly journals Genesis of the generative structures Platycodon grandiflorus (family Сampanulaceae)

2021 ◽  
pp. 87-97
Author(s):  
S. V. Shevchenko
Keyword(s):  
Embryo Sac ◽  
Pollen Grains ◽  
Southern Coast ◽  
Polygonum Type ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Research Results ◽  
Wall Formation ◽  
Sporogenous Tissue ◽  
High Viability ◽  
The Crimea

The article presents the research results of the genesis of the elements of the microsporangium wall, sporogenous tissue, microspores, megaspores, male and female gametophytes of the Platycodon grandiflorus . The types of formation of the structures mail generative sphere (dicotyledonous type of microsporangium wall formation, simultaneous type of the tetrad microspores development, 3-cells of the pollen grains with 6-th pores, Polygonum - type of the formation embryo sac) have been established. A high viability of pollen grains was established during pollination and possibility of obtaining complete seeds when growing this species in the conditions of the Southern Coast of the Crimea.

Floral morphology, embryology, and relationships of the Berberidaceae.

1969 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 69 ◽  
Author(s):  
RLN Sastri
Keyword(s):  
Floral Morphology ◽  
Embryo Sac ◽  
Pollen Grains ◽  
Wall Layer ◽  
Vascular Supply ◽  
Anther Wall ◽  
Polygonum Type ◽  
Innermost Layer ◽  
Secretory Type ◽  
Mother Cells

The floral morphology and development of the gametophytes in Berberis umbellata and Mahonia leschenaultii have been studied. All the perianth members have three traces each in B. umbellata while in M. leschenaultii the members of the outer three whorls have five veins each and those of the fourth three veins each. The vascular supply for the inner two whorls of perianth and the stamens arises as conjoint traces. The wall of the gynoecium is traversed by numerous bundles with some concentrated in the placental region. The dorsal and ventral bundles are differentiated in M. leschenaultii but not in B. umbellata. The tricarpellary interpretation of the gynoecium is shown to be unconvincing. The gynoecium is regarded as monocarpellary. The mature anther wall is five-layered including the epidermis, of which the innermost layer forms the tapetum of secretory type. The tapetal cells are four to eight-nucleate. The hypodermal wall layer develops into a fibrous endothecium in M. leschenaultii. In B. urnbellata, the endothecium develops U-shaped thickenings. Division of pollen mother cells is successive. Pollen tetrads are usually isobilateral. Mature pollen grains are three-colpate and two-celled. The ovule is anatropous, bitegmic, and crassinucellate. In B. umbellata, a rudimentary aril is formed as an outgrowth of the funiculus. The single hypodermal archesporial cell in the young ovule cuts off a parietal cell. Development of the embryo sac is of the Polygonum type. The synergids show filiform apparatus and are persistent. The antipodals are large and persistent in M. leschenaultii and ephemeral in B. umbellata. The relationships of the Berberidaceae (sensu Hutchinson 1959) to the Menispermaceae, Lardizabalaceae, and the Ranunculaceae (sensu lato) are discussed.

Comparative study of gametophyte development in the some species of the genus Onobrychis: Systematic significance of gametophyte futures

Biologia ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdilkarim Chehregani ◽  
Fariba Mohsenzadeh ◽  
Nayereh Tanaomi
Keyword(s):  
Light Microscopy ◽  
Female Gametophyte ◽  
Male Gametophyte ◽  
Outer Integument ◽  
Embryo Sac ◽  
Pollen Grains ◽  
Polygonum Type ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Number Of Layers ◽  
Functional Megaspore

AbstractMale and female gametophytes have special characters that show a great variety in different taxa. In this study, gametophytes of four species belonging to three sections of the genus Onobrychis Mill. were studied with light microscopy. Results showed that the ovular primordium is tetra-zonate and gives rise to an anatropous ovule. The archesporium may consist of one or more archeosporial cells, but only one of them undergoes meiosis, forming a linear or T-shaped tetrad. Normally, only a single megaspore is functional which is located in the chalazal position while the others degenerate very soon. The young ovule is hemi-anatropous but the mature is anatropous, crassinucellar and bitegmic; integuments form a zig-zag micropyle. A 7-celled embryo-sac is formed corresponding to the Polygonum type. Based on our results, the ovular variable characters are the form and condition of ovary, presence or absence of ovary peduncle, the number and condition of ovule in ovary, length and width of ovule, length and width of embryo sac, number of layers in outer integument, condition of megaspore, alignment pattern of the integuments, asymmetrical initiation of the outer integument, shape of tetrad with the presence of one functional megaspore and so on. The separator characters in male gametophyte are including tri-cellular pollen grains and the number of tapetum nuclei. According to our study the female gametophyte characters are more variable than male gametophyte. The present study provides the first report on embryological description in the genus Onobrychis and also in section Heliobrychis.

Reproductive development in two species of Darwinia Rudge (Myrtaceae)

1969 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 215 ◽  
Author(s):  
N Prakash
Keyword(s):  
Embryo Sac ◽  
Pollen Grains ◽  
Reproductive Development ◽  
Outer Zone ◽  
Mature Embryo ◽  
Globular Embryo ◽  
Primary Endosperm Nucleus ◽  
Oil Glands ◽  
Polygonum Type ◽  
History Of

In Darwinia the floral parts are differentiated in a "calyx-orolla-gynoeciumandroecium" sequence. In individual buds stages of microsporogenesis markedly precede corresponding stages of megasporogenesis. The anther is tetrasporangiate with all sporangia lying in one plane. The secretory tapetum is one- to three-layered within the same microsporangium and a large number of Ubisch bodies are formed. The anthers dehisce by minute lateral pores and an ingenious mechanism helps disperse the twocelled pollen grains. A basal placenta in the single loculus of the ovary bears four ovules in D. micropetala and two in D. fascicularis. In both species, however, only one ovule is functional after fertilization. The fully grown ovules are anatropous, crassinucellar, and bitegmic; the inner integument forms the micropyle. The parietal tissue is most massive at the completion of megasporogenesis but is progressively destroyed later. The embryo sac follows the Polygonum type of developnlent and when mature is five-nucleate, the three antipodals being ephemeral. Following fertilization, the primary endosperm nucleus divides before the zygote. Subsequent nuclear divisions in the endosperm mother cell are synchronous and lead to a free-nuclear endosperm which becomes secondarily cellular, starting from the micropylar end at the time the globular embryo assumes an elongated shape. Embryogeny is irregular and the mature embryo is straight with a massive radicle and a hypocotyl which terminates in two barely recognizable cotyledons. Sometimes the minute cotyledons are borne on a narrow neck-like extension of the hypocotyl. A suspensor is absent. Both integuments are represented in the seed coat and only the outer layer of the outer and the inner layer of the inner integuments, with their thick-walled tanniniferous cells, remain in the fully grown seed. The ovary wall is demarcated into an outer zone containing oil glands surrounded by cells containing a tannin-like substance and an inner zone of spongy parenchyma. In the fruit this spongy zone breaks down completely but the outer zone is retained. The two species of Darwinia, while closely resembling each other in their embryology, differ significantly from other Myrtaceae. However, no taxonomic conclusions are drawn at this stage, pending enquiry into the life history of other members of the tribe Chamaelaucieae.

Embryological studies in the compositae, I. Sporogenesis, Gametogenesis, and Embryogeny in Cotula australis (Less.) Hook. F

1962 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
GL Davis
Keyword(s):  
Mother Cell ◽  
Megaspore Mother Cell ◽  
Embryo Sac ◽  
Subsequent Development ◽  
Pollen Grains ◽  
Archesporial Cell ◽  
Polygonum Type ◽  
Wall Formation ◽  
Chalazal Megaspore

Cotula australis has a discoid heterogamous capitulum in which the outermost three whorls of florets are female and naked. The bisexual disk florets are fully fertile and have a four-lobed corolla with four shortly epipetalous stamens. The anthers contain only two microsporangia. Wall formation and microsporogenesis are described and the pollen grains are shed at the three-celled condition. The ovule is teguinucellate and the hypodermal archesporial cell develops directly as the megaspore mother cell. Megasporogenesis is normal and the monosporio embryo sac develops from the chalazal megaspore. Breakdown of the nucellar epidermis takes place when the embryo sac is binucleate and its subsequent development follows the Polygonum type. The synergids extend deeply into the micropyle and one persists until late in embryogeny as a haustorium. The development of the embryo is of the Asterad type, and the endosperm is cellular. C. coronopifolia agrees with C. australis in the presence of only two microsporangia in each anther and the development of a synergid haustorium.

The floral morphology and embryology of Themeda australis (R. Br.) Stapf

1964 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 157 ◽  
Author(s):  
PS Woodland
Keyword(s):  
Embryo Sac ◽  
Pollen Grains ◽  
Low Fertility ◽  
Linear Tetrad ◽  
Polygonum Type ◽  
Morphological Variations ◽  
Endosperm Formation ◽  
Secretory Type ◽  
Successive Cytokinesis ◽  
Mother Cells

A comparative study was carried out between diploid and tetraploid races of Themeda australis from Armidale and Cobar, respectively. Some morphological variations occur in both populations, but sporogenesis and gametogenesis are identical. The anther is tetrasporangiate and the development of its four-layered wall is described. The tapetum is of the secretory type and its cells become binucleate at the initiation of meiosis in the adjacent microspore mother cells which undergo successive cytokinesis. Microspore tetrads are usually isobilateral and the pollen grains are three-celled at dehiscence, which takes place by lateral longitudinal slits. The ovule is of a modified anatropous form and bitegmic, the broad micropyle being formed of both integuments. The single hypodermal archesporial cell develops directly into the megaspore mother cell and the nucellar epidermis undergoes periclinal and anticlinal divisions to form a conspicuous epistase. The chalaza1 megaspore of the linear tetrad gives rise to a Polygonum-type embryo sac. Material from the Armidale population showed one embryo sac per ovule, but two to five embryo sacs were present in that from Cobar. Embryogeny is typically graminaceous and endosperm formation is at first free-nuclear, later becoming cellular. Polyembryony follows fertilization of several embryo sacs within the same ovule. The reasons for low fertility of T. australis and poor germination of seeds are discussed.

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