State and prospects of modern research in biotechnology of licens as a medicinal raw material

Based on the content analysis of the sources of patent and scientific literature on the biotechnology of lichens as a medicinal raw material, systematized modern information is provided, as well as original experimental data regarding the cultivation of botanical species of lichens of various ecological and geographical groups under controlled conditions. Since ancient times, lichens havebeen used as medicines and are included in the pharmacopoeias of various countries. At present, methodological approaches have been developed for the cultivation of lichens (genera Usnea, Rhinocarpon, Umbilicara ) and their components: phycobiont (genera Nostoc, Chlorella ), mycobiont ( Petrusaria pertiza, Leydea parasema, Alternaria sp.). The main biologically active compounds (usnic acid, lichenin, cetrarin, water-soluble vitamins, calcium oxalate) and the pharmacological effects caused by them (antimicrobial, stimulating appetite, enveloping, anti-inflammatory, anti-burn, regenerating). Biotechnological approaches can be implemented for species cloning, reproduction, creation of a bank of cell cultures of lichens and their components in order to preserve economically valuable producers in an active state and develop technologies for obtaining biomass and pharmacologically valuable biologically active compounds.

Chemotypical diversity of Mentha longifolia L. oil

The article presents data on the content and composition of the essential oil of Mentha longifolia (L.) L. plants growing in natural phytocenoses on the territory of Crimea and Abkhazia. It was found that dry raw materials in two samples from natural phytocenoses of Crimea contain 1.27 and 1.76% of essential oil per wet weight, three samples from phytocenoses of Abkhazia contain less essential oil - 0.68, 0.98 and 1.19 %. About 60 components have been identified. Two new chemotypes were identified for Crimea: carvone-piperitone (mass fraction of carvone is 66.65%, piperitone oxide - 14.37%) and piperitone-sabinene (mass fraction of piperitone oxide - 55.19% and cis-sabinene hydrate - 23.51%), and two for Abkhazia: terpene-caryophyllene (α-terpinyl acetate - 51.48%; β-caryophyllene - 9.26%), piperitone-non-petalactone (piperitone oxide - 46.29%; nepetalactone 4aa, 7a, 7aa - 34.85%). These Mentha longifolia chemotypes are promising for use in the food, chemical, pharmaceutical and perfume industries.

Analysis of stress factors in medical university students based on the international classification of functioning and the use of “Restorative” herbal blend for their psychocorrection

A survey of medical university students was conducted (20 people, 45% worked with patients with coronavirus infection). We studied stress factors and the psychological effectiveness of the course medication intake of the "Restorative" herbal blend (oregano grass, thyme grass, blackberry leaf, echinacea leaf). The reception period is 20 days. The available stress factors were evaluated by a developed questionnaire, in which scaling was performed in the paradigm of the International Classification of Functioning. The psychological state before and after taking the herbal blend was assessed using the methods "Coping behavior in stressful situations", "Taylor's scale of anxiety manifestations", "Emotional burnout" by V. Boyko. The most significant challenges for respondents are caused by prolonged and intense psychoemotional loads, violations of the work and rest regime. After taking the herbal blend, mental resources increase, anxiety and depression decrease. The subjects begin to deal with stress productively, and not emotionally reacting. The emotional deficit, saving of mental resources, inadequate response to adverse factors are reduced, which indicates the general strengthening effect of the "Restorative" herbal blend not only on the body as a whole, but also on mental processes.

Morphological features of fruits, seeds and seedlings of Aerva lanata (L.) Juss. in the conditions of introduction to the Southern coast of the Crimea

The results of the study of the early stages of the ontogenesis of Aerva lanata (L.) Juss. in the conditions of introduction to the Southern coast of the Crimea are presented. Morphobiological signs of seeds, morphological features of fruits, seeds and seedlings were revealed. The fruit of A. lanata is a densely pubescent single-seeded box of a rounded shape from greenish to cream color. The morphometric parameters of the seeds have a very low level of variability (from 5 to 10%). On average, their length is 0.72 mm, width - 0.55 mm, and thickness - 0.40 mm. As a result of the research, the seeds were found to be of different quality. Immature seeds from red to dark brown are located mainly in the upper and middle part of the inflorescence. The marginal embryo is milky in color, covering the abundant perisperm in a semicircle, on average 1.55 mm in length and 0.16 mm in width. The seedlings are small lobe-shaped, petiolate light green 2 mm long and 1 mm wide. The hypocotyl is white 0.4 mm long. According to the method of distribution of diaspores, A. lanata refers to barochora plants. The coefficient of semenification was 36.2%.

Storm emissions of macrophytes at the cape Martyan (Southern coast of Crimea, Black Sea)

Information about the peculiarities of the formation of storm emissions of macrophyte on the coast, at cape Martyan (the Southern coast of the Crimea) is presented. The studies were conducted from June 2019 to August 2020. Storm emissions on this part of the coast are formed with winds from the eastern (including north-eastern and south - eastern), southern and south-western directions and the corresponding direction of the waves. With north and west winds, the accumulated algae are carried back to the sea. Along the leveled coastal areas, storm emissions are distributed fairly evenly, without forming abundant accumulations. Stable zones accumulation of emissions are formed near the block heap, as well as at the bases of hydraulic structures. During one storm, cast ashore 40 kg to 7784 kg of phytomass. In total, 33061 kg of storm emissions were received on the shore during the year, which is about one percent of the annual production and a little more than two percent of the bottom vegetation reserves of the adjacent water area. The volume of storm emissions depends on the intensity of wave activity, the direction and strength of winds, on the morphology of the coast, as well as on seasonal phenomena in the life cycle of macrophytes.

Biological features of the Himalayan lilac (Syringa emodi Wall. Ex Royle) during introduction in the Bashkir Cis-Urals

The article presents the results of a long-term (2005-2017) introduction study of Syringa emodi Wall. ex Royle, cultivated in the South Ural Botanical Garden Institute of the UFIC RAS. As a result of phenological observations, it was revealed that S. emodi belongs to the flowering ones in terms of medium flowering - the beginning of flowering is observed on average on the end of May. The duration of flowering is 18-22 days. Pollen viability is lower than that of other types of lilacs in the collection and is 13%. Fruiting annually, the level is slightly lower compared to other species. Seed germination is 82-86%. Winter hardiness is relatively high, only in very severe winters is freezing of annual shoots observed. The total score in the evaluation of decorative characters of S. emodi was 76 points out of 100 possible. For a number of signs, introduction stability was determined by 87 points. The conclusion is made about the successful introduction of S. emodi in the Republic of Bashkortostan and the possibility of widespread use of this species in landscaping settlements in the region.

One of the approaches to modeling the process of insect development to improve the effectiveness of protective measures of fruit crops

Protection of fruit crops from pests is one of the most important tasks of gardening. In turn, the use of protective measures has both positive and negative sides, which makes the issue of improving their effectiveness one of the main ones. Having data on the estimated number of pests and the dates of the beginning of their development phases, it is possible to increase efficiency by choosing the optimal exposure measure and drawing up a more accurate schedule of protective measures. One way to determine such parameters is to use simulation. The article presents one of the approaches to constructing a mathematical model of the insect development process, which is used to build a software simulation model that allows to increase the effectiveness of protective measures of fruit crops. The article describes what is the essence of the modeled process. A mathematical model and methods for determining its parameters are presented. The required initial data for modeling are defined.

Features of the plant communities formation in "Gurzufsky" Park

The article reveals the features of the organization of plant formations of the park-monument "Gurzufsky". For the first time, the characteristics and layout of 12 cultures of phytocenoses (CFC) that dominate the park landscape are presented. A histogram of the distribution of woody and shrubby plants by species composition in the CFC is given. A landscape map of "Gurzufsky" Park has been developed, taking into account the geo-morphological and ecological-phytocenotic features of the territory. The assessment of landscape morphological units from the position of the possibility of growing plants of various ecological groups was made, a scheme for assessing the phytoecological potential of the park was developed, where four categories of park territories were identified according to the degree of favorability for growing introduced plants. The analysis of key morphometric landscape characteristics and calculations of the values of the weighted average value of the plantings’ state (AVPS) forming the CFC, on the basis of which the stability of park groupings is determined, are carried out. In the course of comparative studies, the possibility of predicting the optimal species composition of park CFCs with high ecological plasticity for solving various tasks related to the organization of garden and park space has been established.

The influence of edaphic factors on the vital state of large-flowered magnolia (Magnolia grandiflora L.). in the Nikitsky Botanical Gardens

The most widespread magnolia on the Southern coast of the Crimea and, in particular, in the Arboretum of the Nikitsky Botanical Gardens is the evergreen Magnolia grandiflora L., introduced in 1817. Currently, 28 generative specimens of Magnolia grandiflora of different ages grow in the Arboretum, including garden forms with different vital state. There are very few data on the relation of this species to soil conditions. For this reason, we have studied the influence of edaphic factors on the vital state of Magnolia grandiflora growing in the Arboretum of the Nikitsky Botanical Gardens. A number of limiting edaphic factors have been identified, the main of which is the high skeletal structure of the soil. The humus reserves in the soil have a positive effect on the vital state of trees. A high level of agricultural technology is the main method of improving the vital state of Magnolia grandiflora .

Dynamics of physiological and biochemical indicators of apricot cultivars under water stress

The results of the study of drought resistance of 4 cultivars Prunus armeniaca Lam bred in the Nikitsky Botanical Gardens are presented. The dynamics of indicators of the water regime of leaves, the content of photosynthetic pigments and phenolic compounds in them has been studied. As a result of the research, information was obtained on the physiological and biochemical characteristics of apricot against the background of adaptation to stressful conditions created by moisture deficit during the summer drought on the Southern Coast of the Crimea. Significant differences were revealed in the ability to retain moisture during wilting, the ability to restore tissue turgor after critical dehydration, the concentration of chlorophylls and phenolic substances in the cultivars of different resistance to water stress. The promising drought-resistant genotypes 'Professor Smykov' and 'Kazachok' have been identified, demonstrating a relatively high level of water-retaining forces of leaf tissues and reparation of the leaf surface area.