FATAL ENCEPHALOMYOCARDITIS VIRUS INFECTION IN AN AFRICAN SAVANNA ELEPHANT (LOXODONTA AFRICANA) IN A FRENCH ZOO

2015 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 393-396 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin Lamglait ◽  
Antoine Joris ◽  
Aurore Romey ◽  
Labib Bakkali-Kassimi ◽  
Karin Lemberger
Keyword(s):  
Virus Infection ◽  
Loxodonta Africana ◽  
Encephalomyocarditis Virus ◽  
African Savanna ◽  
Savanna Elephant

Spatial relationships and matrilineal kinship in African savanna elephant (Loxodonta africana) clans

2004 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
pp. 327-338 ◽  
Author(s):  
Russell A. Charif ◽  
Rob Roy Ramey ◽  
William R. Langbauer ◽  
Katharine B. Payne ◽  
Rowan B. Martin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Loxodonta Africana ◽  
Spatial Relationships ◽  
African Savanna ◽  
Savanna Elephant

scholarly journals Harvesting and chewing as constraints to forage consumption by the African savanna elephant (Loxodonta africana)

PeerJ ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. e2469 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruce W. Clegg ◽  
Timothy G. O’Connor
Keyword(s):  
Annual Cycle ◽  
Woody Plants ◽  
Handling Time ◽  
Loxodonta Africana ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Intake Rate ◽  
Vegetation Types ◽  
African Savanna ◽  
Harvesting Time ◽  
Savanna Elephant

As a foundation for understanding the diet of African savanna elephants (Loxodonta africana), adult bulls and cows were observed over an annual cycle to determine whether harvesting (Pt), chewing (Ct) and handling times (Ht) differed across food types and harvesting methods (handling time is defined as the time to harvest, chew and swallow a trunkload of food). Bulls and cows were observed 105 and 26 times, respectively (94 and 26 individuals), with a total of 64 h of feeding recorded across 32 vegetation types. Some food types took longer to harvest and chew than others, which may influence intake rate and affect choice of diet. The method used to gather a trunkload of food had a significant effect on harvesting time, with simple foraging actions being comparatively rapid and more difficult tasks taking longer. Handling time was constrained by chewing for bulls, except for the processing of roots from woody plants, which was limited by harvesting. Time to gather a trunkload had a greater influence on handling time for cows compared to bulls. Harvesting and handling times were longer for bulls than cows, with the sexes adopting foraging behaviors that best suited their energy requirements.

The antiviral activity of ribosomal polynucleotides against encephalomyocarditis virus infection of mice

1980 ◽  
Vol 66 (4) ◽  
pp. 283-291 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. G. Stewart ◽  
C. A. Grantham ◽  
K. M. Dawson ◽  
N. Stebbing
Keyword(s):  
Virus Infection ◽  
Antiviral Activity ◽  
Encephalomyocarditis Virus

scholarly journals Antiviral activity of bacteria-derived human alpha interferons against encephalomyocarditis virus infection of mice.

1982 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 660-665 ◽  
Author(s):  
P K Weck ◽  
E Rinderknecht ◽  
D A Estell ◽  
N Stebbing
Keyword(s):  
Virus Infection ◽  
Antiviral Activity ◽  
Encephalomyocarditis Virus

scholarly journals Role of Nitric Oxide in the Pathogenesis of Encephalomyocarditis Virus-Induced Diabetes in Mice

2009 ◽  
Vol 83 (16) ◽  
pp. 8004-8011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Young-Sun Lee ◽  
Na Li ◽  
Seungjin Shin ◽  
Hee-Sook Jun
Keyword(s):  
Virus Infection ◽  
Encephalomyocarditis Virus ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Β Cells ◽  
Β Cell ◽  
Pancreatic Β Cells ◽  
Diabetes In Mice ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Deficient Mice

ABSTRACT The D variant of encephalomyocarditis virus (EMC-D virus) causes diabetes in mice by destroying pancreatic β cells. In mice infected with a low dose of EMC-D virus, macrophages play an important role in β-cell destruction by producing soluble mediators such as interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and nitric oxide (NO). To investigate the role of NO and inducible NO synthase (iNOS) in the development of diabetes in EMC-D virus-infected mice, we infected iNOS-deficient DBA/2 mice with EMC-D virus (2 × 102 PFU/mouse). Mean blood glucose levels in EMC-D virus-infected iNOS-deficient mice and wild-type mice were 205.5 and 466.7 mg/dl, respectively. Insulitis and macrophage infiltration were reduced in islets of iNOS-deficient mice compared with wild-type mice at 3 days after EMC-D virus infection. Apoptosis of β cells was decreased in iNOS-deficient mice, as evidenced by reduced numbers of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling-positive cells. There were no differences in mRNA expression of antiapoptotic molecules Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, Bcl-w, Mcl-1, cIAP-1, and cIAP-2 between wild-type and iNOS-deficient mice, whereas expression of proapoptotic Bax and Bak mRNAs was significantly decreased in iNOS-deficient mice. Expression of IL-1β and TNF-α mRNAs was significantly decreased in both islets and macrophages of iNOS-deficient mice compared with wild-type mice after EMC-D virus infection. Nuclear factor κB was less activated in macrophages of iNOS-deficient mice after virus infection. We conclude that NO plays an important role in the activation of macrophages and apoptosis of pancreatic β cells in EMC-D virus-infected mice and that deficient iNOS gene expression inhibits macrophage activation and β-cell apoptosis, contributing to prevention of EMC-D virus-induced diabetes.

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