Nests, eggs, clutch size, and nestlings of the Chestnut Seedeater (Sporophila cinnamomea), a vulnerable species of South America

ABSTRACT. Morphology, characterization, and geographical distribution of Blechnum cordatum (Blechnaceae-Pteridophyta). Specimens of Blechnum cordatum from localities of its large geographical area were analized. The species grows in Mesoamerica, Antillas and South America, from Venezuela and Colombia to Bolivia, SE and centre of Brazil, Paraguay, Argentina, centre and S of Chile, and Juan Fernández Islands. Blechnum cordatum is a tolerant, not vulnerable species, with large sporophytes; erect, scaly rhizomes; dimorphic fronds with scaly stipes and axes; lanceolate sterile laminae with lanceolate to oblong, coriaceae, finely denticulate to serrate, superficially scaly and hairy, attached by costa (peciolulate) pinnae, with cuneate- truncate to subcordate or auriculate bases, and narrowly lanceolate fertile laminae with vegetative tissue of pinnae reduced to the portion which support the undulate to erose indusia and continuous coenosorus. Veins are free, simple, geminate and furcate, the latter ramdomly dividing at different distances from the costa, all ending in large, active hydathodes. Aerophores, located only at the base of pinnae, may be absent. Spores have a cristate-reticulate perispore with filiform, ramified processes, and a smooth to granulate exospore. Based on this study, a new description of Blechnum cordatum, and its taxonomy is presented, along with comments on affinities with other neotropical and paleotropical species of the genus.Key words. Blechnaceae, Blechnum cordatum, morphology, taxonomy, palynology, geographical distribution.RESUMEN. Morfología, caracterización y distribución geográfica de Blechnum cordatum (Blechnaceae-Pteridophyta). Blechnum cordatum fue estudiado en especímenes de numerosas localidades de su extensa área de distribución. Crece en Mesoamérica, Antillas, Sudamérica, desde Venezuela y Colombia a Bolivia, SE y centro de Brasil, Paraguay, Argentina, centro y S de Chile e islas de Juan Fernández. Es una especie poco vulnerable, tolerante, con esporófitos grandes, rizomas a oblongas con pinnas coriáceas, lanceolado-oblongas, finamente denticuladas a aserradas, superficialmente escamosas y pilosas, unidas al raquis por la costa (pecioluladas), con bases cuneado- truncadas a subcordadas o auriculadas y láminas fértiles estrechamente lanceoladas con el tejido vegetativo de las pinnas reducido a la porción de la lámina que lleva el cenosoro continuo e indusio ondulado a eroso. Las venas son simples, geminadas y bifurcadas al azar a distancias variables de la costa y terminan en grandes hidatodos activos, sobresalientes o más o menos planos. Los aeróforos, presentes sólo en la base de las pinnas, pueden faltar. Las esporas son monoletas, con perisporio crestado-reticulado que lleva procesos filiformes y exosporio subliso a granulado. La especie se describe e ilustra en detalle, se actualiza su taxonomía y se comentan sus afinidades con otras especies neotropicales y paleotropicales del género.Palabras clave. Blechnaceae, Blechnum cordatum, morfología, taxonomía, palinología, distribución geográfica.

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New southern record of Erythrolamprus reginae (Linnaeus, 1758) (Serpentes: Dipsadidae), a vulnerable species in Argentina

Check List ◽

10.15560/12.5.1976 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 12 (5) ◽

pp. 1976 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Vanesa Arzamendia

Keyword(s):

South America ◽

Geographical Distribution ◽

First Record ◽

Vulnerable Species ◽

Gallery Forest ◽

Seasonally Flooded ◽

Entre Rios ◽

Uruguay River

I present the first record of the tropical snake Erythrolamprus reginae from Entre Ríos province as the southernmost record from Argentina and South America. This record extends the range of this species by 510 km airline south of known localities in Corrientes province. Geographical distribution in Argentina and Paraguay is provided. This record confirms the presence of E. reginae in seasonally flooded gallery forest bordering the Uruguay River, a biogeographical corridor for tropical biota invading temperate latitudes.

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Clutch Size in Passerines of Southern South America

The Condor ◽

10.2307/1369074 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 96 (1) ◽

pp. 170-177 ◽

Cited By ~ 67

Author(s):

Yoram Yom-Tov ◽

Miguel I. Christie ◽

Gustavo J. Iglesias

Keyword(s):

South America ◽

Clutch Size ◽

Southern South America

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The egg clutch and tadpole of Rhinella merianae (Gallardo, 1965) (Anura: Bufonidae) from Central Amazonia, Brazil

Zootaxa ◽

10.11646/zootaxa.4294.1.12 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 4294 (1) ◽

pp. 145 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

MARIA ISABEL DA SILVA ◽

LUIS CESAR SCHIESARI ◽

MARCELO MENIN

Keyword(s):

Body Size ◽

South America ◽

Clutch Size ◽

Identification Key ◽

Monophyletic Group ◽

Temporary Ponds ◽

Formal Description ◽

Color Patterns ◽

Central Amazonia ◽

Spawning Sites

The Rhinella granulosa group consists of 13 described species with distribution from South America to Panama (Narvaes & Rodrigues 2009; Sanabria et al. 2010; Pereyra et al. 2016). Species belonging to this monophyletic group are characterized by their small to medium body size, ossified skull, small parotoid gland, keratinized cephalic crests and body covered by granules and spicules (Narvaes & Rodrigues 2009; Pereyra et al. 2016). These toads present explosive or prolonged breeding in temporary ponds of open areas (Borteiro et al. 2006; Mercês et al. 2009; Narvaes & Rodrigues 2009; Blotto et al. 2014), where eggs are laid in two long, uniseriate and gelatinous strings (Lima et al. 2012; Blotto et al. 2014; Pereyra et al. 2015). In general, tadpoles of these species are small, round and darkly colored (Blotto et al. 2014). Currently, only seven species have had their tadpoles formally described: Rhinella azarai (Gallardo 1965), Rhinella dorbignyi (Duméril & Bibron 1841), Rhinella fernandezae (Gallardo 1957), Rhinella granulosa (Spix 1824), Rhinella humboldti (Gallardo 1965), Rhinella mirandaribeiroi (Gallardo 1965), and Rhinella pygmaea (Myers & Carvalho 1952) (Fernández 1927; Kenny 1969; Carvalho-e-Silva & Carvalho-e-Silva 1994; Borteiro et al. 2006; Lynch 2006; Mercês et al. 2009; Blotto et al. 2014; Schulze et al. 2015). Pereyra et al. (2016) discussed the taxonomic identity of tadpoles described by Lavilla et al. (2000) as Rhinella major (Müller & Hellmich 1936), and following their concern we do not include these in our comparison. For the Rhinella merianae tadpole, there has been only a brief description (diagrammatic drawings and color patterns in life) in the tadpole identification key from Central Amazonia of Hero (1990) as Bufo granulosus. Therefore, we present in this paper a formal description of the tadpole of R. merianae and additional comments of its clutch size, measurements of eggs and spawning sites.

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Captive husbandry and breeding of the reticulated glass frog, Hyalinobatrachium valerioi (Anura: Centrolenidae)

Herpetological Bulletin ◽

10.33256/hb150.1417 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 14-17

Author(s):

Jay Redbond

Keyword(s):

South America ◽

Clutch Size ◽

Ex Situ ◽

Wild Populations ◽

Pet Trade ◽

Total Length ◽

In Captivity ◽

The Uk

The reticulated glass frog (Hyalinobatrachium valerioi) from Central and South America is a species that has been widely collected from the wild for the pet trade. An ex situ population of this frog was recently established at Slimbridge Wetland Centre, UK, in the hope of learning more about the husbandry and biology of this species. We report on the captive husbandry of adults and the successful breeding and rearing of larvae to metamorphosis. Clutch size was 28 eggs. The eggs hatched at 15-18 days after laying and tadpoles reached a total length of 34 mm. The first individuals started metamorphosis 147 days after hatching at water temperatures of 22-28 °C. Hyalinobatrachium valerioi is still being collected from the wild for the international pet trade and to our knowledge this is the first documented breeding of this species in the UK. The husbandry methods described here could be used to breed this and other Hyalinobatrachium species in captivity and so reduce collecting from wild populations.

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Lower breeding success in a new range: No evidence for the enemy release hypothesis in South American Barn Swallows

The Auk ◽

10.1093/auk/ukz050 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 136 (4) ◽

Author(s):

Facundo A Gandoy ◽

Kaspar Delhey ◽

David W Winkler ◽

Giselle Mangini ◽

Juan I Areta

Keyword(s):

North America ◽

South America ◽

Clutch Size ◽

Breeding Season ◽

Breeding Success ◽

Enemy Release Hypothesis ◽

Enemy Release ◽

South American ◽

The South ◽

Barn Swallows

Abstract It is widely assumed that colonizing species thrive because they lack natural enemies in their new range, increasing their survival and reproductive success. Barn Swallows (Hirundo rustica) started to breed in South America around 1980 and since then have dramatically increased their population size and geographic range, in stark contrast to the decline of the source population in North America. The reasons behind the growth of the South American population are unknown. However, because this species had never bred in this area in recorded times, the lack of natural predators, parasites, or pathogens could lead to higher breeding success, as predicted by the enemy release hypothesis. Here, we test whether breeding success is higher in the newly colonized range than in the native range to test the enemy release hypothesis. We studied the breeding biology of South American Barn Swallows quantifying 7 breeding parameters: clutch size, overall breeding success, offspring mortality by predation and ectoparasites, number of fledglings per breeding attempt, number of breeding attempts per breeding season, and total number of fledglings produced per pair per breeding season. Additionally, we compared these parameters with published information from North American populations using meta-analyses. We found that, while clutch size did not differ between North and South American populations, the southern population overall had lower breeding success, with higher mortality from predation and ectoparasites. An egg laid in South America was 2.6 times more likely to fail than one laid in North America, which resulted on average in 1.1 fewer fledglings per pair per breeding season for the South American breeding population. These results, demonstrating lower breeding success in a newly colonized range, do not support the enemy release hypothesis, and indicate that the growth of the South American Barn Swallow population is most likely caused by other demographic factors.

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Drivers of clutch-size in Fork-tailed Flycatchers (Tyrannus savana) at temperate and tropical latitudes in South America

Emu - Austral Ornithology ◽

10.1071/mu13084 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 114 (4) ◽

pp. 337-342 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Alex E. Jahn ◽

Diego T. Tuero ◽

Ana Maria Mamani ◽

Vanesa Bejarano ◽

Diego Anibal Masson ◽

...

Keyword(s):

South America ◽

Clutch Size

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Reproductive aspects of the Purple-throated Euphonia, Euphonia chlorotica (Aves: Fringillidae) in southeastern Brazil, and first record of the species nesting inside a vespiary

Zoologia (Curitiba) ◽

10.3897/zoologia.34.e19989 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 34 ◽

pp. 1-7 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Daniel Fernandes Perrella ◽

Paulo V. Davanço ◽

Leonardo S. Oliveira ◽

Livia M.S. Sousa ◽

Mercival R. Francisco

Keyword(s):

South America ◽

Clutch Size ◽

Social Insects ◽

Survival Probability ◽

First Record ◽

Southeastern Brazil ◽

Nest Construction ◽

Nest Material ◽

Spider Web ◽

Outside Diameter

Despite the fact that E. chlorotica (Linnaeus, 1766) is common and widely distributed in South America, the reproductive aspects of the species are poorly documented. Here we present data on 18 active nests found from August to February, between 2007 and 2012. Nests were globular with a lateral entrance, and measured 97.9 ± 14.4 mm in outside height, 110.6 ± 11.6 mm in outside diameter, and were 4.88 ± 2.09 m above ground. They were often supported from bellow and were composed mainly of tiny dry leafs and leaflets, fine petioles, and plumed seeds, all compacted with spider web silk. Eggs were laid on consecutive days or with one day interval, and clutch size varied from 1–3 eggs (2.1 ± 0.6, n = 9 nests). Only females incubated the eggs, but both sexes were involved in nest construction and nestling attendance at similar rates. Incubation and nestling periods were 14 and 21 days, respectively, and overall nest survival probability was 5%. A vespiary used for nesting was not occupied by wasps and nest material was deposited only to form the incubatory chamber. Although nesting near wasps or bees is a widespread strategy among birds in general, nesting inside the nests of social insects is a poorly documented behavior.

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Tadpole and vocalizations of Chiasmocleis hudsoni (Anura, Microhylidae) in Central Amazonia, Brazil

Zootaxa ◽

10.11646/zootaxa.1680.1.3 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 1680 (1) ◽

pp. 55 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

DOMINGOS J. RODRIGUES ◽

MARCELO MENIN ◽

ALBERTINA P. LIMA ◽

KARL S. MOKROSS

Keyword(s):

South America ◽

Clutch Size ◽

Identification Key ◽

Southern South America ◽

Central Amazonia ◽

Spawning Sites

The genus Chiasmocleis is distributed from Panama to southern South America and contains 21 recognized species (Frost 2007). Eight of them are associated with Amazonian rainforests (Frost 2007). However, only the larvae of four species and the vocalization of three species have been described for species occurring in this region (Nelson 1973; Duellman 1978; Zimmerman & Bogart 1988; Hero 1990; Schlüter & Salas 1991; Lescure & Marty 2000; Vera Candioti 2006). The tadpole of C. hudsoni has not been formally described; it was mentioned briefly (diagrammatic drawings and larval color notes) in Hero´s tadpole identification key from Central Amazonia (Hero 1990), as Chiasmocleis cf. ventrimaculata. In this paper we describe the tadpole and the vocalizations of C. hudsoni and also provide comments on the spawning sites, clutch size and breeding periods.

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