scholarly journals EFFECT OF CADMIUM IONS ON THE GERMINATION OF KARELIAN BIRCH AND SILVER BIRCH SEEDS

Author(s):  
Лидия Васильевна Ветчинникова ◽  
Александр Федорович Титов ◽  
Lidia Vetchinnikova ◽  
Alexander Titov
Author(s):  
М.А. Мацнева ◽  
И.Ю. Исаков

В статье приводятся результаты замеров длины, ширины и толщины стенки волокон либриформа березы пушистой, березы повислой и березы карельской. Для определения оценки влияния возраста дерева на перечисленные параметры либриформа был проведен однофакторный дисперсионный анализ. Для проведения анализа был произведен набор кернов с деревьев определенного генетиче- ского происхождения, свободноопыленных вариантов в испытательных культурах березы инбредного, аутбредного и гибридного происхождения. Возраст деревьев – 23 года. Приготовленный препарат в виде древесной стружки, отобранной по пятилетиям, рассматривался под микроскопом. Предварительно был проведен процесс мацерации в растворе 10%-го хромового ангидрида и 10%-й азотной кислоты (10% HNO3 + 10% K2Cr2O7) в течение двух суток. Была проведена статистическая обработка полученных данных для уровня вероятно- сти 0,95. В результате проведенных исследований была установлена прямая зависимость влияния возраста дерева на длину, ширину и толщину стенки волокон либриформа. Если сравнивать полученные значения параметров либриформа рассматриваемых видов, то можно сделать вывод, что береза повислая (местный вид) отличается лучшими показателями, что доказывает её приспособленность к влиянию внешних факторов среды. Наименьшие показатели у березы карельской, как интродуцированной породы. Береза пушистая характеризуется средними показателями, в целом достаточно хорошо описывающими данный вид. Полученная длина волокна позволяет характеризовать древесину отобранных вариантов березы повислой и березы пушистой как плотную, прочную и устойчивую к гнилям, что повышает её качество и позволяет рекомендовать её как перспективную культуру для лесовыращивания. Длина волокон либриформа березы повислой и березы пушистой значительно превышает минимальные требо- вания длины необходимой для использования в целлюлозно-бумажной промышленности. Поэтому изученные деревья данных видов можно также рекомендовать для использования в лесоперерабатывающей промышленности. The article presents the results of measurements of length, width and wall thickness of fibers libriform downy birch, silver birch and Karelian birch. To estimate the influence of tree age on these parameters libriform was conducted by univariate analysis of variance. For analysis were produced by a set of cores from trees of a particular genetic origin, open-pollination in test cultures of inbred birch, an outbred and hybrid origin. The age of the trees 23 years. The prepared drug in the form of wood chips, selected on the years, were viewed under the microscope. Previously there were the process of maceration in a solution of 10% chromium trioxide and 10% nitric acid (10% HNO3 + 10% K2Cr2O7) for two hours. Was carried out statistical processing of the obtained data for confidence level of 0.95. The result of the research was direct dependence of the influence of tree age on the length, width and wall thickness of fibers libriform. If to compare the received parameter values libriform the species in question, we can conclude that the silver birch (local species) has a better performance, which proves its adaptability to the influence of external environmental factors. The lowest indicators of Karelian birch, how the introduced species. Downy birch is characterized by the average performance, in general, quite well described by this type. The resulting length of the fiber enables us to characterize the wood of the selected options silver birch and downy birch as dense, durable and resistant to root rot, which improves its quality and allows to recommend it in culture as promising for forest cultivation. The length of the fibers libriform silver birch and downy birch far exceeds the minimum length requirement needed for use in the pulp and paper industry. Therefore, the studied trees of these species can also be recommended for use in the timber industry.


Author(s):  
Виктор Константинович Болондинский ◽  
Людмила Матвеевна Виликайнен ◽  
Viktor Bolondinskii ◽  
Ludmila Vilikainen
Keyword(s):  

Author(s):  
Виктор Константинович Болондинский ◽  
Людмила Матвеевна Виликайнен ◽  
Viktor Bolondinsky ◽  
Lyudmila Vilikainen
Keyword(s):  

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 1593
Author(s):  
Natalia A. Galibina ◽  
Tatiana V. Tarelkina ◽  
Olga V. Chirva ◽  
Yulia L. Moshchenskaya ◽  
Kseniya M. Nikerova ◽  
...  

Silver birch (Betula pendula Roth) is an economically important species in Northern Europe. The current research focused on the molecular background of different xylogenesis scenarios in the birch trunks. The study objects were two forms of silver birch, silver birch trees, and Karelian birch trees; the latter form is characterized by the formation of two types of wood, non-figured (straight-grained) and figured, respectively, while it is currently not clear which factors cause this difference. We identified VND/NST/SND genes that regulate secondary cell wall biosynthesis in the birch genome and revealed differences in their expression in association with the formation of xylem with different ratios of structural elements. High expression levels of BpVND7 accompanied differentiation of the type of xylem which is characteristic of the species. At the same time, the appearance of figured wood was accompanied by the low expression levels of the VND genes and increased levels of expression of NST and SND genes. We identified BpARF5 as a crucial regulator of auxin-dependent vascular patterning and its direct target—BpHB8. A decrease in the BpARF5 level expression in differentiating xylem was a specific characteristic of both Karelian birch with figured and non-figured wood. Decreased BpARF5 level expression in non-figured trees accompanied by decreased BpHB8 and VND/NST/SND expression levels compared to figured Karelian birch trees. According to the results obtained, we suggested silver birch forms differing in wood anatomy as valuable objects in studying the regulation of xylogenesis.


2020 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-10
Author(s):  
V. S. Nedzvetsky ◽  
V. Ya. Gasso ◽  
A. M. Hahut ◽  
I. A. Hasso

Cadmium is a common transition metal that entails an extremely wide range of toxic effects in humans and animals. The cytotoxicity of cadmium ions and its compounds is due to various genotoxic effects, including both DNA damage and chromosomal aberrations. Some bone diseases, kidney and digestive system diseases are determined as pathologies that are closely associated with cadmium intoxication. In addition, cadmium is included in the list of carcinogens because of its ability to initiate the development of tumors of several forms of cancer under conditions of chronic or acute intoxication. Despite many studies of the effects of cadmium in animal models and cohorts of patients, in which cadmium effects has occurred, its molecular mechanisms of action are not fully understood. The genotoxic effects of cadmium and the induction of programmed cell death have attracted the attention of researchers in the last decade. In recent years, the results obtained for in vivo and in vitro experimental models have shown extremely high cytotoxicity of sublethal concentrations of cadmium and its compounds in various tissues. One of the most studied causes of cadmium cytotoxicity is the development of oxidative stress and associated oxidative damage to macromolecules of lipids, proteins and nucleic acids. Brain cells are most sensitive to oxidative damage and can be a critical target of cadmium cytotoxicity. Thus, oxidative damage caused by cadmium can initiate genotoxicity, programmed cell death and inhibit their viability in the human and animal brains. To test our hypothesis, cadmium cytotoxicity was assessed in vivo in U251 glioma cells through viability determinants and markers of oxidative stress and apoptosis. The result of the cell viability analysis showed the dose-dependent action of cadmium chloride in glioma cells, as well as the generation of oxidative stress (p <0.05). Calculated for 48 hours of exposure, the LD50 was 3.1 μg×ml-1. The rates of apoptotic death of glioma cells also progressively increased depending on the dose of cadmium ions. A high correlation between cadmium concentration and apoptotic response (p <0.01) was found for cells exposed to 3–4 μg×ml-1 cadmium chloride. Moreover, a significant correlation was found between oxidative stress (lipid peroxidation) and induction of apoptosis. The results indicate a strong relationship between the generation of oxidative damage by macromolecules and the initiation of programmed cell death in glial cells under conditions of low doses of cadmium chloride. The presented results show that cadmium ions can induce oxidative damage in brain cells and inhibit their viability through the induction of programmed death. Such effects of cadmium intoxication can be considered as a model of the impact of heavy metal pollution on vertebrates.


2016 ◽  
Vol 52 (4) ◽  
pp. 74-80
Author(s):  
Yu. I. Senyk ◽  
V. O. Khomenchuk ◽  
V. Z. Kurant ◽  
V. V. Grubinko
Keyword(s):  

Author(s):  
L.V. Vetchinnikova ◽  
◽  
A.F. Titov ◽  
◽  

The article reports on the application of the best known principles for mapping natural populations of curly (Karelian) birch Betula pendula Roth var. carelica (Mercklin) Hämet-Ahti – one of the most appealing representatives of the forest tree flora. Relying on the synthesis and analysis of the published data amassed over nearly 100 years and the data from own full-scale studies done in the past few decades almost throughout the area where curly birch has grown naturally, it is concluded that its range outlined in the middle of the 20th century and since then hardly revised is outdated. The key factors and reasons necessitating its revision are specified. Herewith it is suggested that the range is delineated using the population approach, and the key element will be the critical population size below which the population is no longer viable in the long term. This approach implies that the boundaries of the taxon range depend on the boundaries of local populations (rather than the locations of individual trees or small clumps of trees), the size of which should not be lower than the critical value, which is supposed to be around 100–500 trees for curly birch. A schematic map of the curly birch range delineated using this approach is provided. We specially address the problem of determining the minimum population size to secure genetic diversity maintenance. The advantages of the population approach to delineating the distribution range of curly birch with regard to its biological features are highlighted. The authors argue that it enables a more accurate delineation of the range; shows the natural evolutionary history of the taxon (although it is not yet officially recognized as a species) and its range; can be relatively easily updated (e.g. depending on the scope of reintroduction); should be taken into account when working on the strategy of conservation and other actions designed to maintain and regenerate this unique representative of the forest tree flora.


2019 ◽  
Vol 104 (10) ◽  
pp. 1598-1609
Author(s):  
N. A. Galibina ◽  
L. L. Novitskaya ◽  
K. M. Nikerova ◽  
E. V. Moshkina ◽  
Yu. L. Moshchenskaya ◽  
...  

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