Abstract
An automatic history-matching algorithm based onan optimal control approach has been formulated forjoint estimation of spatially varying permeability andporosity and coefficients of relative permeabilityfunctions in two-phase reservoirs. The algorithm usespressure and production rate data simultaneously. The performance of the algorithm for thewaterflooding of one- and two-dimensional hypotheticalreservoirs is examined, and properties associatedwith the parameter estimation problem are discussed.
Introduction
There has been considerable interest in thedevelopment of automatic history-matchingalgorithms. Most of the published work to date onautomatic history matching has been devoted tosingle-phase reservoirs in which the unknownparameters to be estimated are often the reservoirporosity (or storage) and absolute permeability (ortransmissibility). In the single-phase problem, theobjective function usually consists of the deviationsbetween the predicted and measured reservoirpressures at the wells. Parameter estimation, orhistory matching, in multiphase reservoirs isfundamentally more difficult than in single-phasereservoirs. The multiphase equations are nonlinear, and in addition to the porosity and absolutepermeability, the relative permeabilities of each phasemay be unknown and subject to estimation. Measurements of the relative rates of flow of oil, water, and gas at the wells also may be available forthe objective function.
The aspect of the reservoir history-matchingproblem that distinguishes it from other parameterestimation problems in science and engineering is thelarge dimensionality of both the system state and theunknown parameters. As a result of this largedimensionality, computational efficiency becomes aprime consideration in the implementation of anautomatic history-matching method. In all parameterestimation methods, a trade-off exists between theamount of computation performed per iteration andthe speed of convergence of the method. Animportant saving in computing time was realized insingle-phase automatic history matching through theintroduction of optimal control theory as a methodfor calculating the gradient of the objective functionwith respect to the unknown parameters. Thistechnique currently is limited to first-order gradientmethods. First-order gradient methods generallyconverge more slowly than those of higher order.Nevertheless, the amount of computation requiredper iteration is significantly less than that requiredfor higher-order optimization methods; thus, first-order methods are attractive for automatic historymatching. The optimal control algorithm forautomatic history matching has been shown toproduce excellent results when applied to field problems. Therefore, the first approach to thedevelopment of a general automatic history-matchingalgorithm for multiphase reservoirs wouldseem to proceed through the development of anoptimal control approach for calculating the gradientof the objective function with respect to theparameters for use in a first-order method.
SPEJ
P. 521＾
Optimal Control of an N-Policy Two-Phase MX/Ek/1 Queuing System with Server Startup Subject to the Server Breakdowns and Delayed Repair
