scholarly journals Impacts of Sea Temperature Rise on Rastrelliger kanagurta Potential Fishing Grounds in the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) Off South China Sea

2021 ◽  
Vol 50 (12) ◽  
pp. 3467-3479
Author(s):  
Kamaruzzaman Y.N. ◽  
Mustapha M.A. ◽  
Ghaffar M.A.
Keyword(s):  
Elevated Temperature ◽  
South China Sea ◽  
South China ◽  
Temperature Rise ◽  
Exclusive Economic Zone ◽  
Northeast Monsoon ◽  
China Sea ◽  
Rastrelliger Kanagurta ◽  
Economic Zone ◽  
The Impact

The Indian mackerel (Rastrelliger kanagurta) is one of the most commercially crucial epipelagic scombrid where it is caught in the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) off the South China Sea (SCS). High demand for fisheries resources is a challenge for fishers to achieve optimal fish landing targets. By using R. kanagurta catch data, and high resolution satellite data of chl-a and SST (MODIS-Aqua) and SSH (AVISO) from 2018 together with boosted regression tree (BRT) model, this study aims to determine the impact of sea surface temperature (SST) increase on the potential catch of R. kanagurta based on temperature projection of IPCC-AR5-RCPs scenarios. BRT modelling result indicated that during the northeast monsoon (NEM), at elevated temperature of 1.80 and 2.60 ℃ showed that the potential fishing grounds of R. kanagurta increase in the area especially in the northern part of the EEZ. However, at elevated temperature of 3.30 ℃, the potential fishing areas was found to decrease along the coast of Peninsular Malaysia. Meanwhile, during southwest monsoon (SWM) and inter-monsoon transition, at temperature rise of 1.80, 2.60 and 3.30 °C showed a significant reduction in the potential fishing area of the R. kanagurta potential fishing grounds especially along the coast of the EEZ off SCS. Results indicated that changes in SST influenced suitability of habitat which affected the distribution of R. kanagurta. Understanding the impacts of temperature increase would contribute towards future sustainable fisheries resource management strategies.

scholarly journals Seasonal changes in gaseous elemental mercury in relation to monsoon cycling over the northern South China Sea

2012 ◽  
Vol 12 (16) ◽  
pp. 7341-7350 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. M. Tseng ◽  
C. S. Liu ◽  
C. Lamborg
Keyword(s):  
South China Sea ◽  
South China ◽  
Northern South China Sea ◽  
Elemental Mercury ◽  
Source Tracking ◽  
Northeast Monsoon ◽  
Air Masses ◽  
Gaseous Elemental Mercury ◽  
China Sea ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. The distribution of gaseous elemental mercury (GEM) was determined in the surface atmosphere of the northern South China Sea (SCS) during 12 SEATS cruises between May 2003 and December 2005. The sampling and analysis of GEM were performed on board ship by using an on-line mercury analyzer (GEMA). Distinct annual patterns were observed for the GEM with a winter maximum of 5.7 ± 0.2 ng m−3 (n = 3) and minimum in summer (2.8 ± 0.2; n = 3), with concentrations elevated 2–3 times global background values. Source tracking through backward air trajectory analysis demonstrated that during the northeast monsoon (winter), air masses came from Eurasia, bringing continental- and industrial-derived GEM to the SCS. In contrast, during summer southwest monsoon and inter-monsoon, air masses were from the Indochina Peninsula and Indian Ocean and west Pacific Ocean. This demonstrates the impact that long-range transport, as controlled by seasonal monsoons, has on the Hg atmospheric distribution and cycling in the SCS.

scholarly journals Troubled South China Sea: New Contradictions in 2020

2020 ◽  
pp. 12-29
Author(s):  
Igor O. Mishin ◽  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
South China Sea ◽  
South China ◽  
The United States ◽  
The South China Sea ◽  
Exclusive Economic Zone ◽  
The South ◽  
China Sea ◽  
High Profile ◽  
Economic Zone

The article is devoted to the analysis of high-profile events that occurred in the South China Sea in early 2020. The Sino-Indonesian incident near the Natuna Islands, a new conflict between Vietnam and China in the Vietnamese exclusive economic zone are examined. Special attention is paid to the position of the United States on the actions by China. At the same time, Beijing’s actions in the SCS in 2020 remain within the framework of the “Salami strategy,» a consistent, phased extension of China’s sovereignty and jurisdiction to the entire South China Sea.

‘Deliberate Ambiguity’ and the Demise of China’s Claim to Historic Rights in the South China Sea

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 164-182
Author(s):  
Robert Beckman
Keyword(s):  
South China Sea ◽  
Continental Shelf ◽  
South China ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
The South China Sea ◽  
Exclusive Economic Zone ◽  
The South ◽  
China Sea ◽  
Dash Line ◽  
Economic Zone

The Award of the Arbitral Tribunal in the Philippines v China case was a resounding victory for the Philippines as well as a bold and potentially landmark decision. The key issue for the Philippines was whether China could lawfully claim historic rights to resources within the nine-dash line on Chinese maps, if such areas are within the exclusive economic zone or on the continental shelf of the Philippines under unclos. In deciding this issue the Tribunal had to address the fact the exact legal basis for China’s claim to historic rights in the South China Sea, and the nature and scope of such claims, was ambiguous. The Tribunal addressed the issue of ambiguity in its award on jurisdiction, and ruled that it could draw inferences from China’s conduct in determining the nature of its claim to historic rights. In its Award on the Merits the Tribunal ruled that unclos allocated rights and jurisdiction to the natural resource in the oceans, and that under unclos, coastal States have sovereign rights to explore and exploit the natural resources in their exclusive economic zone and continental shelf. Consequently, whatever historic rights China claimed to resources in the South China Sea, those rights were extinguished when UNCLOS entered into force insofar as they were a claim to resources that are now in the maritime zone of other States.

The China-Philippine Standoff in the South China Sea

2012 ◽  
Vol 04 (02) ◽  
pp. 33-44
Author(s):  
Katherine Hui-Yi TSENG
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
South China Sea ◽  
South China ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
The South China Sea ◽  
Exclusive Economic Zone ◽  
The South ◽  
China Sea ◽  
Economic Zone

The dispute between the Philippines and China concerning Chinese fishing boats in the Philippines Exclusive Economic Zone ended in a standoff. The Philippines has sought support from the United States, which appears to be distancing itself from regional tensions to avoid jeopardising the trust between Washington and Beijing. China's attitude towards maritime issues has changed, allowing room for discussion. The author opines that China's outdated and flawed governmental structures need to be rectified.

‘Due Regard’ Obligations, with Particular Emphasis on Fisheries in the Exclusive Economic Zone

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 56-72
Author(s):  
Tullio Scovazzi
Keyword(s):  
South China Sea ◽  
International Law ◽  
South China ◽  
Protected Area ◽  
Marine Protected Area ◽  
Exclusive Economic Zone ◽  
Law Of The Sea ◽  
Coastal State ◽  
China Sea ◽  
Economic Zone

Abstract ‘Due regard’ obligations occur when a state, in exercising a right, is bound to take into consideration the existence of conflicting rights and interests of other states and to balance their respective importance. They are frequently found in international law of the sea and the LOSC. Within the exclusive economic zone, where the applicable regime is the result of the balancing of the rights of the coastal state with those of other states, international practice shows that the balance shifts in favour of the coastal state if conflicting fishing activities are at stake. The balance may change if other kinds of activities are in conflict within the same zone. Two recent arbitral awards—on the Chagos Marine Protected Area case and the South China Sea case—elaborate on ‘due regard obligations’.

scholarly journals Seasonal changes in gaseous elemental mercury in relation to monsoon cycling over the Northern South China Sea

2012 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 12203-12227
Author(s):  
C. M. Tseng ◽  
C. S. Liu ◽  
C. Lamborg
Keyword(s):  
South China Sea ◽  
South China ◽  
Northern South China Sea ◽  
Elemental Mercury ◽  
Source Tracking ◽  
Northeast Monsoon ◽  
Air Masses ◽  
Gaseous Elemental Mercury ◽  
China Sea ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. The distribution of gaseous elemental mercury (GEM) was determined in the surface atmosphere of the Northern South China Sea (SCS) during 12 SEATS cruises between May 2003 and December 2005. The sampling and analysis of GEM were performed on board ship by using an on-line mercury analyzer (GEMA). Distinct annual patterns were observed for the GEM with a winter maximum of 5.7 ± 0.2 ng m−3 (n = 3) and low in summer (2.8 ± 0.2) (n = 3), with concentrations elevated 2 ∼ 3 times global background values. Source tracking through backward trajectory analysis demonstrated air masses during the northeast monsoon in winter came from Eurasia, bringing continental- and industrial-derived GEM to the SCS. In contrast, during summer southwest monsoon and inter-monsoon, air masses were from the Indochina peninsula and Indian Ocean and West Pacific Ocean. This demonstrates the impact that long-range transport, as controlled by seasonal monsoons, has on the Hg atmospheric distribution and cycling in the SCS.

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