Penegakan Hukum Di Zona Ekonomi Eksklusif Indonesia (Zeei) Dalam Rangka Kepentingan Nasional Indonesia Di Bidang Kelautan

This research is classified as normative legal research. The approach used is the statute approach, legal principles, legal theories, legal concepts. The juridical approach in this research is a problem approach based on the applicable laws and regulations, while the normative approach is a problem approach that examines the law in law so that conclusions can be drawn that are logical, coherent and systematic. Case Approach with the case approach is done by examining cases related to the issue at hand, and has become a decision that has permanent legal force.The results of the study show that there is still inconsistency in law enforcement in the EEZ for fishery potential by the Indonesian Navy in the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ), Indonesia is based on the United Nations convention regarding the Law of the Sea in 1982 with Law Number 17 of 1985 concerning legalization. on the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) and Law Number 45 of 2009 concerning Fisheries. Illegal fishing still occurs in the Indonesian Exclusive Economic Zone by foreign vessels, which is caused by weak patrols in the ZEEI area and is supported by the opening of the ZEEI area, the patrol vessels are less modern to compete with foreign fishing vessels, and the fish resources that are in the ZEEI have not been exploited by Indonesian fishermen according to Law No. 45 of 2009 concerning Fisheries is carried out by legal proceedings and is tried in court, and is sentenced to a sentence which is usually a fine. In the event that a prison sentence is allowed.

Impacts of Sea Temperature Rise on Rastrelliger kanagurta Potential Fishing Grounds in the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) Off South China Sea

The Indian mackerel (Rastrelliger kanagurta) is one of the most commercially crucial epipelagic scombrid where it is caught in the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) off the South China Sea (SCS). High demand for fisheries resources is a challenge for fishers to achieve optimal fish landing targets. By using R. kanagurta catch data, and high resolution satellite data of chl-a and SST (MODIS-Aqua) and SSH (AVISO) from 2018 together with boosted regression tree (BRT) model, this study aims to determine the impact of sea surface temperature (SST) increase on the potential catch of R. kanagurta based on temperature projection of IPCC-AR5-RCPs scenarios. BRT modelling result indicated that during the northeast monsoon (NEM), at elevated temperature of 1.80 and 2.60 ℃ showed that the potential fishing grounds of R. kanagurta increase in the area especially in the northern part of the EEZ. However, at elevated temperature of 3.30 ℃, the potential fishing areas was found to decrease along the coast of Peninsular Malaysia. Meanwhile, during southwest monsoon (SWM) and inter-monsoon transition, at temperature rise of 1.80, 2.60 and 3.30 °C showed a significant reduction in the potential fishing area of the R. kanagurta potential fishing grounds especially along the coast of the EEZ off SCS. Results indicated that changes in SST influenced suitability of habitat which affected the distribution of R. kanagurta. Understanding the impacts of temperature increase would contribute towards future sustainable fisheries resource management strategies.

Juridical analysis of the regulation of fishery resources in the Indonesian exclusive economic zone

As an archipelagic country, Indonesia has a wealth of living and non-biological natural resources, especially in its exclusive economic zone, specifically in this zone, there are an abundant wealth of fishery resources, but the economy and welfare level of traditional Indonesian fishers are still below the poverty line, in addition to the management of exploration and exploitation of fishery resources, Indonesia faces various problems, one of which is a problem with legal provisions. Therefore, researchers will analyze legal problems in managing fishery resources in this study's exclusive Indonesian economic zone. To answer the questions in this study, the authors used normative juridical research methods, and the results of the analysis were described using qualitative methods. After reviewing the literature, the study results indicate that legal problems in the fisheries sector are due to overlapping regulations and conflicting regulations. For this reason, in this study, the authors suggest the need to revitalize the law in the fisheries sector by harmonizing the law.

Marine Scientific Research in Japan’s Practice

This article examines Japan’s state practices on marine scientific research (MSR). The survey of state practices requires the discernment of generalisability and particularity in each state practice. There are two points to note while considering the generalisabilities and particularities in Japan’s practices: first, Japan oversees MSR activities in its waters according to a non-legal instrument or a guideline, unlike neighbouring countries that use domestic legislation in MSR upon ratifying the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea; second, Japan faces quite a few MSR incidents in its undelimited exclusive economic zone. Thus, this article covers an outline of Japan’s guideline, its response to illegal or unregulated MSR activities in its waters, its relationships with neighbouring countries, and the failure of its attempt to legislate the MSR Law in 2007.

THE 1982 UNITED NATIONS LAW OF THE SEA CONVENTION: UNRESOLVED ISSUES REMAIN

Despite the 1982 United Nations Law of the Sea Convention (UNCLOS) being generally viewed as one of the major successes of United Nations treaty-making, unresolved issues remain. These range from maritime boundary disputes to straight baselines to artificial islands to military activities in the exclusive economic zone to environmental issues. Four decades have altered the fundamental nature of the regime relating to the law of the sea and have created major implementational challenges. The oceans are becoming more crowded by competitive human activities and, as technology progresses and geopolitical shifts occur, it has become imperative that the unresolved issues be resolved. In so doing UNCLOS’s initial vision can be augmented. This article focuses on five of the more problematic unresolved issues.

Interpretability of Attention Mechanisms in a Portuguese-Based Question Answering System about the Blue Amazon

The Brazilian Exclusive Economic Zone, or the "Blue Amazon", with its extensive maritime area, is the primary means of transport for the country's foreign trade and is important due to its oil reserves, gas and other mineral resources, in addition to the significant influence on the Brazilian climate. We have manually built a question answering (QA) dataset based on crawled articles and have applied an off-the-shelf QA system based on a fine-tuned BERTimbau Model, achieving an F1-score of 47.0. More importantly, we explored how the proper visualization of attention weights can support helpful interpretations of the system's answers, which is critical in real environments.

Typologie de la pêche de la langouste verte Panulirus regius, De Brito Capello, 1864 sur le littoral de la Côte d’Ivoire (Afrique de l’Ouest)

En Côte d’Ivoire, la langouste fait partir des crustacés présents dans les captures de la pêche maritime artisanale. Cependant, aucune donnée scientifique n’est disponible quant aux acteurs de la pêche de cette protéine. Ainsi, la présente étude a pour objectif de caractériser les acteurs de la pêche à la langouste verte Panulirus regius (De Brito Capello, 1864) pratiquée au niveau de la Zone Economique Exclusive de la Côte d’Ivoire. L’étude a nécessité une enquête le long du littoral sur un effectif de 60 pêcheurs de langouste. Les résultats ont montré que la pêche langoustière est pratiquée essentiellement par les Ivoiriens et les Ghanéens. De plus, la tranche d’âge dominante chez ces pêcheurs est comprise entre 30 et 45 ans chez les Ivoiriens et Ghanéensavec des proportions de 20% et 25%, respectivement. Au niveau de la quantité de la langouste verte pêchée, la grande saison froide a enregistré la plus grande quantité de langoustes capturées. English title: Fishing typology of the green lobster Panulirus regius, De Brito Capello, 1864 along the coast of Côte d’Ivoire (West Africa) In the Côte d’Ivoire, lobster is part of the crustaceans present in the catches of artisanal maritime fishing. However, no scientific data is available on the actors of the fishery of this protein. Thus, the objective of this study is to characterize the actors of the green lobster Panulirus regius (De Brito Capello, 1864) fishery practised in the Exclusive Economic Zone of the Côte d’Ivoire. The study required a survey along the coastline of 60 lobster fishermen. The results showed that green lobster fishing is mainly practised by citizens of Côte d’Ivoire and Ghana. Fishermen who practised this activity were aged between 30 and 45 years old with percentages of 20% and 25% for citizens of Côte d’Ivoire and Ghana, respectively. In terms of the quantity lobster captured, the largest quantity was recorded on the great cold season.

The Regulation of ‘Fishing’ and Related Activities

This Chapter examines the material scope of the coastal State’s jurisdiction over foreign vessels in the exclusive economic zone (EEZ) on the basis of its sovereign rights over living resources, in order to determine what activities and which vessels come within this regulatory power. It argues that ‘fishing’ is no longer simply a process that involves fishing vessels catching fish; in the modern industrial fishing complex, where bunkering, transhipment, and resupply services allow fishing vessels to stay at sea for months at a time, fishing is part of a chain of events involving multiple actors and activities, all of which fall within the regulatory authority of the coastal State in the EEZ. Notwithstanding the conflicting and inconsistent approaches that international courts and tribunals have taken to this issue, the Chapter’s examination of national, regional, and international practice demonstrates that coastal States can regulate a wide range of fishing and related activities on the basis of their sovereign rights over living resources in the EEZ. This includes all the ‘fishing related activities’ and ‘fishing support vessels’ that are involved in modern industrial fishing, regardless of whether the vessels in question are licensed to fish in the coastal State’s EEZ, or whether the activities in question relate to living resources harvested in the coastal State’s EEZ. This finding as to the underlying scope of coastal State jurisdiction provides a crucial foundation for the remainder of the book.

Coastal State Jurisdiction over Living Resources in the Exclusive Economic Zone

Under the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (LOSC), coastal States have sovereign rights to explore, exploit, conserve, and manage the living resources of the 200 nautical mile exclusive economic zone (EEZ). However, nearly forty years after the adoption of the LOSC , there is still a great deal of uncertainty about the nature and extent of these sovereign rights. This book examines the ways in which coastal States can exercise authority on the basis of their sovereign rights over living resources in the EEZ. It explores the key concepts of ‘fishing’ and ‘fishing related activities’ to establish what vessels and which activities can be regulated by coastal States, canvasses the criteria and conditions that coastal States can apply as part of regulating foreign access to their resources, and considers the regulation of unlicensed foreign fishing vessels in transit through the EEZ. It also examines the way in which such regulations can be enforced within the EEZ and the circumstances under which enforcement can take place beyond the EEZ following hot pursuit. Based on its review and analysis of the practice of 145 coastal States, the book identifies the contemporary ‘extent’ of coastal State jurisdiction over living resources in the EEZ and proposes a formulation of the underlying and enduring ‘nature’ of that jurisdiction which could be applied to resolve future jurisdictional challenges in the EEZ.