scholarly journals Irene Joliot-Curie, Frederic Joliot-Curie

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 165-168
Author(s):  
O. B. Karyakin
Keyword(s):  
Nobel Prize ◽  
Nuclear Physics ◽  
Chemical Elements ◽  
Modern Science ◽  
Nobel Laureate ◽  
Nobel Prize Winner ◽  
Alpha Particles ◽  
Radioactive Elements ◽  
Radioactive Phosphorus ◽  
Radium Institute

Irene Joliot-Curie is the daughter of Marie Curie, a double Nobel Prize-winner. In 1925, Irene Curie became Doctor of Science.In 1926, Irene married her colleague Frederic Joliot, an assistant at the Radium Institute. With him, she continued experiments with various chemical elements. In some of these experiments, Irene and Frederic performed bombardment of boron, and aluminium with alpha particles, thereby producing new chemical elements. These new elements were radioactive: aluminum became radioactive phosphorus, while boron became a radioactive isotope of nitrogen. Within a short time, Joliot-Curie created many new radioactive elements. In 1935, Irene and Frederic Joliot-Curie were jointly awarded the Nobel Prize for Chemistry for their artificial creation of new radioactive elements Working with uranium in the late 1930s, Irene Joliot-Curie made several important discoveries and came close to the discovery of uranium decay, when bombarded with neutrons.Jean Frederic Joliot was born in Paris, in the family of a prosperous merchant Henri Joliot and Emilia (Roederer) Joliot, who came from a wealthy Protestant family from Alsace.Frederic obtained his Doctor of Science degree in 1930 for a thesis on the electrochemistry of radioactive polonium. Having received the Nobel Prize in 1935 together with his wife, 35-year-old Frederick still remains the youngest Nobel Laureate in Chemistry.The discoveries and achievements of the Joliot-Curie family laid the foundation for further research in nuclear physics, chemistry, and nuclear medicine. Without their discoveries, it is impossible to imagine modern science and everyday life.

scholarly journals Nobel Prize Level Scientific Discoveries of a Heir of Zaporizhian Cossacks

2020 ◽  
Vol 88 (1) ◽  
pp. 131-138
Author(s):  
F. V. Motsnyi
Keyword(s):  
Nobel Prize ◽  
Nuclear Physics ◽  
Characteristic Temperature ◽  
Modern Science ◽  
Big Bang ◽  
Alpha Particles ◽  
Theoretical Physics ◽  
Honorary Doctor ◽  
History Of ◽  
Academy Of Sciences

In this work, three fundamental discoveries of the Ukraine-born Prof. George A. Gamow are presented from a single scientific and methodological point of view. Each of them is truly worth of the Nobel Prize – the most prestigious recognition of achievements of a scientist. We trace the emergence of G. Gamow as one of the most outstanding scientists of the twentieth century – encyclopaedist, theoretical physicist by heart, astrophysicist and biophysicist, talented and brilliant popularizer of science, whose works are readable in one go, as well as the author of unforgettable pranks and jokes. Gamow was a Fellow of the Danish Royal Academy of Sciences, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the International Astronomical Union, the American Physical Society, an honorary doctor of countless universities. Although his name is little known in Ukraine, the history of science would be incomplete without him. From an early age G. Gamow has shown a great interest in scientific research, using a microscope to look for erythrocytes and a telescope to observe the Halley comet. He graduated from the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of Leningrad State University, where he followed classes of Professor O. Friedman, founder of the evolutionary cosmology. He has undergone training at the University of Goettingen, the center of theoretical physics at the time, worked for Nobel Prize winners Professors E. Rutherford and N. Bohr. At the age of 28, G. Gamow, by the recommendation of academician V. Vernadskyi, became the member of the Academy of Sciences of USSR, the youngest member in the entire history of its existence. Throughout his life, G. Gamow was interested in the fundamental scientific problems and made numerous world-class discoveries that are written by golden letters in the treasury of the human civilization. He has found explanation to the E. Rutherford’s experiments with alpha particles (tunnelling effect); introduced the empirical formula of Geiger – Nettoll, connecting the energy of alpha particles to the half-life of radioactive nuclei. G. Gamow is one of the pioneers of the liquid-drop model of a nucleus, and the application of nuclear physics to the evolution of stars. He proposed a fantastic hypothesis about the early universe, suggesting it being not only super dense but also very hot. He also built the Big Bang theory, which led to the existence of relic radiation (space microwave background) with the characteristic temperature of 5–7 degrees above the absolute zero, detected by methods of radio astronomy. He proposed a triplet model of the genetic code - the alphabet of life with three-letter words, experimentally proven by X-ray structural studies of DNA and empirically established rules of E. Chargaff. These discoveries have greatly contributed not only to the development of the modern science, but to the industrial and economic expansion of humanity.

scholarly journals To Re-present a Nobel Prize Winner. Interpreting a Public Literary Conversation

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisabeth Geiger Poignant ◽  
Cecilia Wadensjö
Keyword(s):  
Nobel Prize ◽  
Nobel Laureate ◽  
Nobel Prize Winner ◽  
Information Loss ◽  
Cultural Practice ◽  
Common Language ◽  
Necessary Evil

AbstractThis article examines the unfolding of interaction in a growing and, so far, scarcely examined social and cultural practice – interpreter-mediated public literary conversations. In this context, the activity of interpreters, although indispensable when authors and audiences do not share a common language, is sometimes regarded as a “necessary evil” that allegedly causes delays and information loss. Exploring an interpreter-mediated public literary conversation with Nobel Laureate Svetlana Alexievich as a case in point, the focus of this article is rather on what the presence of an interpreter might add to the shared performance on stage. Attention is drawn to the temporal evolvement of the interlocutor’s communicative resources, evident within narrative sequences, drawing on prosody research and research on gestures. The study suggests that, apart from keeping the non-Russian speaking audience updated on content, the interpreter’s rhythmically calibrated performance adds an energizing asset to the event as a whole. The notion of the “coupled turn”, internally hosting gestural and prosodic coherence across topical boundaries and language frame shifts, emerges as a usable unit for the analysis.

Nuclear Processes Related to the Ap Stars and the Heaviest Chemical Elements

1976 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 169-182
Author(s):  
B. Kuchowicz
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Physics ◽  
Nuclear Reactions ◽  
Chemical Elements ◽  
Fission Products ◽  
Abundance Pattern ◽  
Isotopic Shifts ◽  
Processed Material ◽  
R Process ◽  
Ap Stars ◽  
Nuclear Processes

SummaryIsotopic shifts in the lines of the heavy elements in Ap stars, and the characteristic abundance pattern of these elements point to the fact that we are observing mainly the products of rapid neutron capture. The peculiar A stars may be treated as the show windows for the products of a recent r-process in their neighbourhood. This process can be located either in Supernovae exploding in a binary system in which the present Ap stars were secondaries, or in Supernovae exploding in young clusters. Secondary processes, e.g. spontaneous fission or nuclear reactions with highly abundant fission products, may occur further with the r-processed material in the surface of the Ap stars. The role of these stars to the theory of nucleosynthesis and to nuclear physics is emphasized.

The Legacy of the Outstanding Economist (The Centenary of Maurice Allais)

2011 ◽  
pp. 4-15
Author(s):  
A. Belyanin ◽  
I. Egorov
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
Nobel Prize ◽  
Nobel Prize Winner ◽  
Contemporary Science

The paper is devoted to Maurice Allais, the Nobel prize winner and one of the most original and deep-thinking economist whose centenary is celebrated this year. The authors describe his contributions to economics, and his place in contemporary science - economics and physics, as well as his personality and philosophy. Scientific works by Allais, albeit translated into Russian, still remain little known. The present article aims to fill this gap and to pay tribute to this outstanding intellectual and academic, who deceased last year, aged 99.

Galilean Reflections on Milton Friedman’s "Methodology of Positive Economics", with Thoughts on Vernon Smith’s "Economics in the Laboratory"

2007 ◽  
pp. 55-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Schliesser
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Evidence ◽  
Experimental Economics ◽  
Nobel Prize ◽  
Free Fall ◽  
Nobel Prize Winner ◽  
Theoretical Physics ◽  
History Of ◽  
Positive Economics

The article examines in detail the argument of M. Friedman as expressed in his famous article "Methodology of Positive Economics". In considering the problem of interconnection of theoretical hypotheses with experimental evidence the author illustrates his thesis using the history of the Galilean law of free fall and its role in the development of theoretical physics. He also draws upon methodological ideas of the founder of experimental economics and Nobel prize winner V. Smith.

Inherent tensions in chemistry

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 177
Author(s):  
Joachim Schummer
Keyword(s):  
Nobel Prize ◽  
Nobel Prize Winner ◽  
Philosophy Of Chemistry

<span>If you expect a Nobel prize winner being a crank who can think of nothing but his subject, then read Roald Hoffmann's The Sume and Not the Sameand test your hypothesis. This book is about chemistry, to be sure-but in the broadest scope including sociology, psychology, ethics and philosophy of chemistry.</span>

New Particles

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger H. Stuewer
Keyword(s):  
Gamma Rays ◽  
Atomic Hydrogen ◽  
Nuclear Physics ◽  
Hydrogen Isotope ◽  
Alpha Particles ◽  
Cloud Chamber ◽  
Ernest Rutherford ◽  
James Chadwick ◽  
Theoretical Foundations ◽  
New Particles

In December 1931, Harold Urey discovered deuterium (and its nucleus, the deuteron) by spectroscopically detecting the faint companion lines in the Balmer spectrum of atomic hydrogen that were produced by the heavy hydrogen isotope. In February 1932, James Chadwick, stimulated by the claim of the wife-and-husband team of Irène Curie and Frédéric Joliot that polonium alpha particles cause the emission of energetic gamma rays from beryllium, proved experimentally that not gamma rays but neutrons are emitted, thereby discovering the particle whose existence had been predicted a dozen years earlier by Chadwick’s mentor, Ernest Rutherford. In August 1932, Carl Anderson took a cloud-chamber photograph of a positron traversing a lead plate, unaware that Paul Dirac had predicted the existence of the anti-electron in 1931. These three new particles, the deuteron, neutron, and positron, were immediately incorporated into the experimental and theoretical foundations of nuclear physics.

Roger Sperry—1981 Nobel Prize Winner

1995 ◽  
Vol 70 (4) ◽  
pp. 349
Author(s):  
Marc A. Shampo ◽  
Robert A. Kyle
Keyword(s):  
Nobel Prize ◽  
Nobel Prize Winner

Werner Forssmann: surgeon, urologist, and Nobel Prize winner

1999 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 184-186 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael C. Truss ◽  
Christian G. Stief ◽  
Udo Jonas
Keyword(s):  
Nobel Prize ◽  
Nobel Prize Winner
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