Application Specific Integrated Circuits for High Resolution X and Gamma Ray Semiconductor Detectors

The increasing demand for performance improvements in radiation detectors, driven by cutting-edge research in nuclear physics, astrophysics and medical imaging, is causing not only a proliferation in the variety of the radiation sensors, but also a growing necessity of tailored solutions for the front-end readout electronics. Within this work, novel solutions for application specific integrated circuits (ASICs) adopted in high-resolution X and $$\upgamma $$ γ ray spectroscopy applications are studied. In the first part of this work, an ultra-low noise charge sensitive amplifier (CSA) is presented, with specific focus on sub-microsecond filtering, addressing the growing interest in high-luminosity experiments. The CSA demonstrated excellent results with Silicon Drift Detectors (SDDs), and with room temperature Cadmium-Telluride (CdTe) detectors, recording a state-of-the-art noise performance. The integration of the CSA within two full-custom radiation detection instruments realized for the ELETTRA (Trieste, Italy) and SESAME (Allan, Jordan) synchrotrons is also presented. In the second part of this work, an ASIC constellation designed for X-Gamma imaging spectrometer (XGIS) onboard of the THESEUS space mission is described. The presented readout ASIC has a highly customized distributed architecture, and integrates a complete on-chip signal filtering, acquisition and digitization with an ultra-low power consumption.

Preface

(word. doc) should be separate from the PDFs and include information about their virtual format if this is relevant. This information should include: • The reason(s) why the meeting will take/took place virtually (covid- 19/travel restrictions, etc). • The Forum was held both online and offline. All participants who took part offline provided vaccination certificates. The online forum was held for participants who did not have the opportunity to participate in the forum directly or to submit a report in person. Including, in order to be able for the majority of participants to participate in the Forum in a format convenient for them. • Location where the organisers will be/were. • The Forum was held on the premises of the Institute of Nuclear Physics in Almaty, Kazakhstan • The Model, for example, the plenary, the contributions, the time spent to deliver the talks by each speaker. • • The version of the poster or oral presentation was adopted as a model of reports, both online and offline. Plenary lectures were conducted both online and offline, through the presentation and oral presentation of the speaker. In each section, the time for a report was different, on average it ranged from 20 to 30 minutes. • The discussions, the feasibility, room for Q&A? • All questions and discussions were held in conference halls of 5 sections. Including online. Everyone could ask a question and get an answer, upon completion of the report, 10-15 minutes were allotted for this procedure. • The participants: location and the overall attendance number expected. • The participants took part in the forum on the territory of the Institute of Nuclear Physics. Within 5 days, more than 90% of the participants took part offline. There were more than 90 offline participants in total. In general, about 300 applications were accepted for participation in the forum. • The technology needed to deliver the meeting successfully. • The Forum was provided with the most modern technical equipment. Each section contained several projectors, computers and microphone sets for the participants. To ensure high parallelization of communication, high-speed Internet access was used for each 4G section. • Mention any technical difficulties. • • Technical difficulties during the forum were minor and were resolved as they arose. All forum participants appreciated the high level of technical equipment of the forum. • Mention any drawbacks in the delivery of the conference virtually, e.g. impact on the community. • No shortcomings were identified during the forum. The forum had an extremely positive impact on the public, which was mentioned in his speech for the journalists of the national channel, the chairman of the forum and the general director of the INP Batyrzhan Karakozov. Please make sure that the following information is included in the preface: l. The full list of committees names and affiliations which shall be published as part of the preface. Editors of proceedings, ORGANISING COMMITTEE, INTERNATIONAL ADVISORY BOARD, and ORGANIZED BY are available in the pdf.

OuroborosBEM: a fast multi-GPU microscopic Monte Carlo simulation for gaseous detectors and charged particle dynamics

The design of gaseous detectors for accelerator, particle and nuclear physics requires simulations relying on multi-physics aspects. In fact, these simulations deal with the dynamics of a large number of charged particles interacting in a gaseous medium immersed in the electric field generated by a more or less complex assembly of electrodes and dielectric materials. We report here on a homemade software, called ouroborosbem, able to tackle the different features involved in such simulations. After solving the electrostatic problem for which a solver based on the boundary element method (BEM) has been implemented, particles are tracked and will microscopically interact with the gas medium. Dynamical effects have been included such as the electron-ion recombination process, the charging-up of the dielectric materials and other space charge effects that might alter the detector performances. These were made possible thanks to the nVidia CUDA language specifically optimised to run on Graphical Processor Units (GPUs) to minimize the computing times. Comparisons of the results obtained for parallel plate avalanche counters and GEM detectors to literature data on swarm parameters fully validate the performances of ouroborosbem. Moreover, we were able to precisely reproduce the measured gains of single and double GEM detectors as a function of the applied voltage.

Overview of lattice calculations of the x-dependence of PDFs, GPDs and TMDs

For a long time, lattice QCD was unable to address the x-dependence of partonic distributions, direct access to which is impossible in Euclidean spacetime. Recent years have brought a breakthrough for such calculations when it was realized that partonic light-cone correlations can be accessed through spatial correlations computable on the lattice. Appropriately devised observables can be factorized into physical PDFs via a perturbative procedure called matching, analogous to the standard factorization of experimental cross sections. In this short review, aimed at a broader high-energy and nuclear physics community, we discuss the recent highlights of this research program. Key concepts are outlined, followed by a case study illustrating the typical stage of current lattice extractions and by a brief review of the most recent explorations. We finalize with a number of messages for the prospects of lattice determinations of partonic structure.

Peer review declaration

The Organiser and/or the Editor(s) are required to declare details about their peer review processes. Therefore, please provide the following information: • Type of peer review: Single-blind / Double-blind / Triple-blind / Open / Other Single-blind review Single-anonymous: authors’ identities are known to the reviewers, reviewers’ identities are hidden from authors; • Describe criteria used by Reviewers when accepting/declining papers. Was there the opportunity to resubmit articles after revisions? The following criteria were applied: 1. Quality assessment Significance, novelty, correctness Special attention was paid to repetition and Plagiarism. 2. Technical Criteria Clarity of expression; readability and discussion of concepts Sufficient discussion of the context of the work, and suitable referencing. 3. Presentation Criteria 1. Is it clearly presented, well organized, and clearly written?( clear presentation, well organized, clearly stated) 2. Is the English satisfactory? (satisfactory english) 3. Is the title appropriate? (Title matches) 4. Does the abstract include the important points of the paper?( abstract contains important information on the article) 5. Are references to related work adequate, up to date and readily available? (links are relevant, relevant, available) 6. Are figures and tables necessary and adequate?( tables and figures are necessary and appropriate) 7. Are the conclusions satisfactory? (conclusion is appropriate) During the review process, the authors were given a one-time opportunity to re-submit the article for review. • Conference submission management system: • The peer review was carried out by the Forum Program Committee, organized according to the order of the General Director of the RSE INP No. 182 dated 22.24.2021. The Program Committee carried out a preliminary selection of articles to be sent to the reviewers. • Number of submissions received: 44 • Number of submissions sent for review: 42 • Number of submissions accepted: 35 • Acceptance Rate (Number of Submissions Accepted / Number of Submissions Received X 100): 79,54 • Average number of reviews per paper: 2 • Total number of reviewers involved: 40 • Any additional info on review process (eg Plagiarism check system): • Review process consisted from few steps: • 1) submission by editorial committee • 2) 2 reviewers received publication (anonymously, author did not know any of reviewer) • 3) after check, authors fixed all mistakes and requirements from reviewers) Checking for plagiarism, showed no repeat or copy of submitted material. • Contact person for queries (Full name, affiliation, institutional email address) Name : Nassurlla Maulen Affiliation: Institute of Nuclear Physics Republic of Kazakhstan Email : nassurlla [email protected] ( additional: [email protected])

Measurement of the spatial-energy distribution of neutrons in the irradiation channel of the critical facility

One of the basic installations of the Republican State Enterprise “Institute of Nuclear Physics” of the Ministry of Energy of the Republic of Kazakhstan is a critical assembly, which is a zero-power reactor. Desalinated water and beryllium serve as moderators and neutrons reflectors. The energy spectrum of neutrons in the core is thermal. The main purpose and area of application is the modeling and study of the neutronic characteristics of the cores of water-moderated research reactors of various types. The paper presents the results of experimental measurements of the spatial-energy distribution of neutrons in the dry, central channel of the critical assembly. Measurements of the neutron flux were carried out using activation foils for three energy groups of neutrons: thermal, epithermal, and fast. The measured thermal neutrons flux in the irradiation channel is ~ 3·108 cm‒2s‒1, and fast neutrons flux (with energies above 0.7 MeV) is ~ 8·108 cm‒2s‒1. The fraction of thermal neutrons in the integral flux was 0.23%, and the fraction of fast neutrons was 0.62%. In the axial distribution of thermal and fast neutrons, the maximum value of the neutron flux is 50 mm below the midplane of the core.

Tracking and Monitoring of the Alignment System Used for Nuclear Physics Experiments

The ELI-NP (Extreme Light Intensity—Nuclear Physics) project, developed at the Horia Hulubei National Institute for RD in Physics and Nuclear Engineering (IFIN-HH), has included one component dedicated to the study of interactions between brilliant gamma-ray and matter, with applications in nuclear physics and the science of materials. The paper is focused on the interaction chamber, an important part of the facility which hosts the experiment’s samples. The interaction chamber is endowed with a mobile sample support (holder), which automatically tracks the γ-ray beam. The γ-ray radiation source presents a slight variation of the direction of the emitted radiation in time. The built system ensures the permanent collimation between the γ-ray beam and the sample that is being investigated. This is done with two electric motors, which have a symmetrical movement with respect to the center of a rectangle. The specific measures taken by the design and implementation that permit to reach performances of tracking system are emphasized in the paper. The methodology considers the relative displacement between the detectors with which the laboratory is equipped and the absolute position in space of the sample boundary. The control of this motion is designed to respect the symmetry of the system. Both facets of the project (hardware and software) are detailed, emphasizing the way in which the designers ensured compliance with the system of real-time operation conditions of the tracking and monitoring system.

Innovative Analytical Method for X-ray Imaging and Space-Resolved Spectroscopy of ECR Plasmas

At the Italian National Institute for Nuclear Physics-Southern National Laboratory (INFN-LNS), and in collaboration with the ATOMKI laboratories, an innovative multi-diagnostic system with advanced analytical methods has been designed and implemented. This is based on several detectors and techniques (Optical Emission Spectroscopy, RF systems, interfero-polarimetry, X-ray detectors), and here we focus on high-resolution, spatially resolved X-ray spectroscopy, performed by means of a X-ray pin-hole camera setup operating in the 0.5–20 keV energy domain. The diagnostic system was installed at a 14 GHz Electron Cyclotron Resonance (ECR) ion source (ATOMKI, Debrecen), enabling high-precision, X-ray, spectrally resolved imaging of ECR plasmas heated by hundreds of Watts. The achieved spatial and energy resolutions were 0.5 mm and 300 eV at 8 keV, respectively. Here, we present the innovative analysis algorithm that we properly developed to obtain Single Photon-Counted (SPhC) images providing the local plasma-emitted spectrum in a High-Dynamic-Range (HDR) mode, by distinguishing fluorescence lines of the materials of the plasma chamber (Ti, Ta) from plasma (Ar). This method allows for a quantitative characterization of warm electrons population in the plasma (and its 2D distribution), which are the most important for ionization, and to estimate local plasma density and spectral temperatures. The developed post-processing analysis is also able to remove the readout noise that is often observable at very low exposure times (msec). The setup is now being updated, including fast shutters and trigger systems to allow simultaneous space and time-resolved plasma spectroscopy during transients, stable and turbulent regimes.