scholarly journals Holistic Face Processing: the Eye Tracking Data

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 72-87
Author(s):  
G.Ya. Menshikova ◽  
A.O. Pichugina
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Dwell Time ◽  
Inversion Effect ◽  
Face Inversion Effect ◽  
Movement Strategies ◽  
The Face ◽  
Analytic Processing ◽  
Areas Of Interest

In modern literature, the question of holistic and analytic processing of facial perception and facial expressions is actively debated. Various experimental paradigms have been developed for their study, one of which was based on the face inversion effect. In a number of works to study the role of eye movements in holistic and analytic processing, the procedure of presenting upright and inverted faces was followed by recording eye movements. The results were contradictory: some works revealed significant changes in the characteristics of eye movements in the inversion effect, but the others have not found the changes. The aim of our work was to study individual eye movement strategies in the task of assessing the attractiveness of upright and inverted faces. The participants were 57 students. The results showed that a decrease in the role of holistic processing in the face inversion effect led to a significant change in fixation durations and saccade amplitudes, as well as to a change in the distribution of the dwell time on four areas of interest (eyes, nose, nose bridge and mouth). Two groups of participants with individual types of eye movement strategies (static and dynamic) were identified. Comparing eye movement strategies for upright and inverted faces showed that the dwell time distribution on areas of interest varied significantly depending on the group. These data showed the importance of incorporating the individual eye movement strategies when studying holistic and analytic face processing.

scholarly journals The role of face-selective and object-general mechanisms in the face inversion effect: A simultaneous EEG-fMRI study

2011 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 638-638 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Sadeh ◽  
T. Goldberg ◽  
C. Avni ◽  
M. Pelleg ◽  
G. Yovel
Keyword(s):  
Inversion Effect ◽  
Face Inversion Effect ◽  
Face Inversion ◽  
Fmri Study ◽  
The Face

scholarly journals TO THE QUESTION OF PECULIARITIES OF EYE MOVEMENT ANALYSIS IN THE PROCESS OF FACE PERCEPTION

2021 ◽  
pp. 196-219
Author(s):  
Galina Ya. Menshikova ◽  
Anna O. Pichugina
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Face Perception ◽  
Dwell Time ◽  
Holistic Processing ◽  
Facial Features ◽  
Tracking Data ◽  
Individual Strategies ◽  
Areas Of Interest

Background. The article is devoted to the study of the mechanisms of face perception when using the technology of eye-tracking. In the scientific literature, two processes are distinguished - analytical (perception of individual facial features) and holistic (perception of a general configuration of facial features). It is assumed that each of the mechanisms can be specifically manifested in patterns of eye movements during face perception. However, there is disagreement among the authors concerning the eye movements patterns which reflect the dominance of the holistic or analytic processing. We hypothesized that the contradictions in the interpretation of eye movement indicators in the studies of face perception may be associated with the features of the eye-tracker data processing, namely, with the specifics of identifying areas of interest (eyes, nose, bridge of the nose, lips), as well as with individual strategies of eye movements. Objective. Revealing the features of eye movements analysis in the process of facial perception. Method. A method for studying analytical and holistic processing in the task of assessing the attractiveness of upright and inverted faces using eye-tracking technology has been developed and tested. The eye-tracking data were analyzed for the entire sample using three types of processing, differing in the marking of the areas of interest (AOIs), and separately for two groups differing in eye movement strategies. The distinction of strategies was considered based on differences in the mean values of the fixation duration and the amplitude of saccades. Results. It was shown that: the presence of statistically significant differences of the dwell time in the AOIs between the condition of upright and inverted faces depended on the method of identifying these AOIs. It was shown that the distribution of the dwell time by zones is closely related to individual strategies of eye movements. Analysis of the data separately by groups showed significant differences in the distribution of the dwell time in the AOIs. Conclusion. When processing eye-tracking data obtained in the studies of face perception, it is necessary to consider individual strategies of eye movements, as well as the features associated with identifying AOIs. The absence of a single standard for identifying these areas can be the reason for inconsistency of the data about the holistic or analytical processing dominance. According to our data, the most effective for the analysis of holistic processing is a more detailed type of marking the AOIs, in which not only the main features (eyes, nose, mouth) are distinguished, but also the area of the nose bridge and nose.

Holistic Processing of Faces: Learning Effects with Mooney Faces

2005 ◽  
Vol 17 (8) ◽  
pp. 1316-1327 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marianne Latinus ◽  
Margot J. Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Face Recognition ◽  
Holistic Processing ◽  
Inversion Effect ◽  
Learning Effects ◽  
N170 Amplitude ◽  
Face Inversion Effect ◽  
Face Inversion ◽  
The Face ◽  
Analytic Processing ◽  
Experimental Group

The specialness of faces is seen in the face inversion effect, which disrupts the configural, but not the analytic, processing of faces. Mooney faces, which are processed holistically, allowed us to determine the contribution of holistic processing to the face inversion effect. As inverted Mooney faces are difficult to recognize as faces, we also included an intermediary training period for Mooney face recognition for half of the subjects. Early face-sensitive ERPs (N170 and P1) and P2 were measured. Behavioral data showed an increase in correct responses to inverted and upright Mooney faces after the learning phase for the experimental group. No effects were seen on P1. N170 latency did not vary with stimulus type before the intermediary phase, however, N170 amplitude was consistently larger for upright than inverted Mooney faces. After the intermediary exercise, N170 was delayed for inverted compared to upright Mooney faces. In contrast, for both groups of subjects P2 amplitude was larger for nonface stimuli, and P2 amplitude decreased after the intermediate task only for the subjects trained to recognize Mooney faces. As the usual inversion effect seen with photographic faces (delayed and larger N170) was not seen with Mooney faces, these data suggest that this effect on N170 is due to the recruitment of analytic processing. P2 reflected learning and a deeper processing of the stimuli that were not identifiable as faces.

The role of lateral occipital face and object areas in the face inversion effect

2011 ◽  
Vol 49 (12) ◽  
pp. 3448-3453 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Pitcher ◽  
Bradley Duchaine ◽  
Vincent Walsh ◽  
Galit Yovel ◽  
Nancy Kanwisher
Keyword(s):  
Inversion Effect ◽  
Face Inversion Effect ◽  
Face Inversion ◽  
The Face

scholarly journals The role of experience-based perceptual learning in the face inversion effect

2019 ◽  
Vol 157 ◽  
pp. 84-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ciro Civile ◽  
Sukhvinder S. Obhi ◽  
I.P.L. McLaren
Keyword(s):  
Perceptual Learning ◽  
Inversion Effect ◽  
Face Inversion Effect ◽  
Face Inversion ◽  
The Face

scholarly journals The face inversion effect is not a consequence of aberrant eye movements

2007 ◽  
Vol 35 (8) ◽  
pp. 1977-1985 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carrick C. Williams ◽  
John M. Henderson
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Inversion Effect ◽  
Face Inversion Effect ◽  
Face Inversion ◽  
The Face

scholarly journals The role of holistic processing in face perception: Evidence from the face inversion effect

2011 ◽  
Vol 51 (11) ◽  
pp. 1273-1278 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica Taubert ◽  
Deborah Apthorp ◽  
David Aagten-Murphy ◽  
David Alais
Keyword(s):  
Face Perception ◽  
Holistic Processing ◽  
Inversion Effect ◽  
Face Inversion Effect ◽  
Face Inversion ◽  
The Face

Face Inversion Effect Emerges Under Critical Configural Discrepancy

2010 ◽  
Vol 69 (3) ◽  
pp. 161-167 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jisien Yang ◽  
Adrian Schwaninger
Keyword(s):  
Face Recognition ◽  
Face Processing ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
Inversion Effect ◽  
Configural Processing ◽  
Major Contributor ◽  
Face Inversion Effect ◽  
Configural Information ◽  
Face Inversion ◽  
The Face

Configural processing has been considered the major contributor to the face inversion effect (FIE) in face recognition. However, most researchers have only obtained the FIE with one specific ratio of configural alteration. It remains unclear whether the ratio of configural alteration itself can mediate the occurrence of the FIE. We aimed to clarify this issue by manipulating the configural information parametrically using six different ratios, ranging from 4% to 24%. Participants were asked to judge whether a pair of faces were entirely identical or different. The paired faces that were to be compared were presented either simultaneously (Experiment 1) or sequentially (Experiment 2). Both experiments revealed that the FIE was observed only when the ratio of configural alteration was in the intermediate range. These results indicate that even though the FIE has been frequently adopted as an index to examine the underlying mechanism of face processing, the emergence of the FIE is not robust with any configural alteration but dependent on the ratio of configural alteration.

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