Share of current expenditure, by resource category and type of institution (2018)

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Type Of Institution ◽  
Resource Category

Crowdfunding as an Alternative Method of Raising Capital

e-Finanse ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 56-66
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Wierzbicka
Keyword(s):  
Financial Market ◽  
Comparative Research ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
New Ventures ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Polish Literature ◽  
Investment Projects ◽  
Research Task ◽  
Type Of Institution ◽  
Insufficient Knowledge

AbstractCrowdfunding is a method of financing new ventures, commercial, cultural or social, often in return for future products or actions, engaged in by many investors. Currently, it is an important element in the structure of available sources of financing for investment projects. Despite the interest of potential investors, individual social sponsors and large-scale activities of institutions promoting knowledge about the functioning of crowdfunding aimed at encouraging and promoting it as a source of capital for new ventures, there is a lack of knowledge and, consequently, experience on its development and achievement. The aim of this study is to analyze this source of financing, assess its development globally and in Poland. In the preparation of the article,. a critical analysis of foreign and Polish literature was carried out, and descriptive and comparative research methods applied. The research task undertaken in the study was to analyze the crowdfunding market globally and in Poland. The Polish crowdfunding platforms were detailed and compared in terms of value in relation to the largest global platforms. The source for analyses of crowdfunding development in Poland was available literature on the analyzed topic and secondary data from the websites of specialized internet platforms. The article depicts a new, but important, aspect of financing the activity of enterprises, which is crowdfunding. It should be emphasized that there is still insufficient knowledge about this type of institution and, as a result, the importance and role that social financing plays in the financial market.

scholarly journals Cataract surgery practice patterns worldwide: a survey

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. e000464
Author(s):  
Tommaso Rossi ◽  
Mario R Romano ◽  
Danilo Iannetta ◽  
Vito Romano ◽  
Luca Gualdi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cataract Surgery ◽  
Practice Patterns ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Public Hospitals ◽  
P Value ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Surgical Volume ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Type Of Institution ◽  
Surgical Setting

ObjectiveTo report the results of a global survey on cataract practice patterns related to preoperative, intraoperative and postoperative care, surgical setting and personnel allocation.Methods and analysisAn online 28 questions survey was sent to 240 ophthalmologists asking to describe prevailing trends in their institutions across 38 countries and 5 continents. Questions inquired country, institution, surgical volume and setting, anaesthesia, preoperative and intraoperative examination and postsurgical care. Statistical analysis used crosstabs lambda statistics for non-parametric nominal variables. P value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.Results209/240 (87%) ophthalmologists responded: 38% representing public hospitals, 36% private practices and 26% academic sites; overall surgical volume was between 241 700 and 410 500 cataracts per year. There was a significant correlation between type of institution and surgical volume. Complete results available in online (https://freeonlinesurveys.com/r/W6BcLLxy).ConclusionCataract surgery related patterns of perioperative care showed significant difference among respondents, regardless to type of institution, surgical volume and country. Many evidence-based procedures are unevenly practiced around the world and some widespread and expensive habits lack solid scientific evidence while consuming enormous amount of resources both monetary and human. There is a need to reach consensus and share evidence-based practice patterns.

scholarly journals Public research and the quality of inventions: the role and impact of entrepreneurial universities and regional network embeddedness

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Holger Graf ◽  
Matthias Menter
Keyword(s):  
Public Sector ◽  
Entrepreneurial Orientation ◽  
Innovation Networks ◽  
Public Research ◽  
Entrepreneurial Universities ◽  
Network Embeddedness ◽  
New Knowledge ◽  
Type Of Institution ◽  
Public Sector Entrepreneurship

AbstractThe positive effect of public research on industrial innovations is beyond controversy: public research institutions produce knowledge that is subsequently transferred into product and process innovations by private businesses. Besides this rather passive role in commercializing inventions, public research institutions may also proactively exploit new knowledge through public sector entrepreneurship activities. Especially entrepreneurial universities are perceived as a conduit of knowledge spillovers; they serve as central actors of innovation networks and stimulate network activities. Whereas the linkages between network embeddedness and innovation activities have been largely explored, the determinants of patent quality in terms of radicalness, originality, and generality remain rather unclear. Considering Germany’s diverse public research infrastructure (universities, polytechnics, and non-university research institutes), our findings reveal that the type of institution and the corresponding scientific orientation (basic vs applied research) matter for the quality of inventions. The centrality of respective institutions within innovation networks reinforces the radicalness of inventions. However, we do not find support for the general assumption that an entrepreneurial orientation of public sector entities augments the quality of inventions. We conclude the paper with policy recommendations and with future avenues of research.Plain English Summary This study explores the relation between network embeddedness, scientific orientation, entrepreneurial orientation, and the quality of inventions of public research. Our results imply that a basic research focus induces inventions that are more radical, and a more central network position reinforces the production of more radical, original, and general patents. In contrast, an entrepreneurial orientation does not seem to stimulate a higher quality of inventions. Our results give impetus to nuanced public sector entrepreneurship policies that take the type of institution and the optimal level of regional embeddedness into account. A sole focus on the entrepreneurial transformation of public research institutes may not be sufficient to leverage the full potential of knowledge created therein. Instead, more support and guidance for creating links with other network entities is needed along with incentives to commercialize new knowledge.

The Prevalence of Sexual Abuse in Institutions: Results From a Representative Population-Based Sample in Germany

Sexual Abuse ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 31 (6) ◽  
pp. 643-661 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreas Witt ◽  
Miriam Rassenhofer ◽  
Marc Allroggen ◽  
Elmar Brähler ◽  
Paul L. Plener ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Abuse ◽  
Sexual Intercourse ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Adult Women ◽  
Institutional Settings ◽  
General Adult Population ◽  
Nature Contact ◽  
Protective Strategies ◽  
Type Of Institution

The lifetime prevalence of sexual abuse in institutional settings in Germany was examined in a sample representative of the general adult population ( N = 2,437). Participants completed a survey on whether they had ever experienced such abuse, its nature (contact, noncontact, forced sexual, intercourse), the type of institution (e.g. school, club), and the relationship of perpetrator to victim (peer, caregiver, staff member). Overall, 3.1% of adult respondents (women: 4.8%, men: 0.8%) reported having experienced some type of sexual abuse in institutions. Adult women reported higher rates of all types than did men, with rates of 3.9% versus 0.8% for contact sexual abuse, 1.2% versus 0.3% for noncontact sexual abuse, and 1.7% versus 0.2% for forced sexual intercourse. We conclude that a remarkable proportion of the general population experiences sexual abuse in institutions, underscoring the need for development of protective strategies. Especially, schools seem to represent good starting points for primary prevention strategies.

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