scholarly journals Alcance del principio de participación equilibrada de género en el marco jurídico internacional: Naciones Unidas, Unión Interparlamentaria, Consejo de Europa y Unión Europea = Scope of the principle of gender-balanced participation in the international legal framework: United Nations, Inter-Parliamentary Union, Council of Europa and European Union

2019 ◽  
pp. 423
Author(s):  
María Nieves Saldaña Díaz
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
United Nations ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Soft Law ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Council Of Europe ◽  
Representation Of Women ◽  
Binding Force ◽  
Las Mujeres ◽  
Democratic Systems

<p><strong>Resumen</strong></p><p>El reconocimiento de la participación equilibrada de género como principio para hacer efectiva la igualdad de mujeres y hombres y así legitimar los sistemas democráticos se ha llevado a cabo durante los últimos veinte años a través de diversos acuerdos de escasa fuerza vinculante (<em>soft law</em>) de las Naciones Unidas, la Unión Interparlamentaria, el Consejo de Europa y la Unión Europea. De ahí que se mantenga la infrarepresentación de las mujeres en todos los ámbitos y niveles decisorios, siendo necesario que se implemente a través de instrumentos jurídicos vinculantes que obliguen a las propias organizaciones internacionales a su efectiva aplicación y a los Estados miembros a su reconocimiento y regulación con el máximo rango normativo, a nivel constitucional y legal.</p><p><strong>Abstract</strong></p><p>The recognition of gender-balanced participation as a principle to make effective the equality of women and men and thus legitimize democratic systems has been carried out during the last twenty years through various agreements of low binding force (soft law) of the United Nations, the Inter-Parliamentary Union, the Council of Europe and the European Union. Hence, the under-representation of women in all areas and levels of decision-making is maintained, being necessary to implement it through binding legal instruments that oblige the international organizations themselves to effectively apply them and the member states to recognize and regulate them with the maximum normative range, at the constitutional and legal level.</p>

Part VIII International Institutional Law, Ch.45 Membership and Representation

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mathias Stephen ◽  
Trengove Stadler
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
United Nations ◽  
International Organizations ◽  
Geographic Area ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
African Union ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Technical Function ◽  
The United Nations

This chapter explains the membership practices in international organizations (IOs). It focuses on criteria for membership, rights and obligations of membership, suspension, expulsion, and withdrawal. In addition to setting out the legal criteria in an international organization's constitutive treaty relating to membership, it also discusses how these criteria have been applied in practice and how decisions that are political in nature have been made within the established institutional and legal framework. The chapter focuses on three different types of IOs: the universal, represented by the United Nations (UN); the regional, such as the European Union (EU) and African Union (AU), where membership is restricted to countries from a particular geographic area; and the specialized agencies which, while fulfilling a limited and technical function, are often open to universal membership.

Participation, Citizenship and Transfrontier Exchanges – Engaging International Bodies in 2015

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 120-153
Author(s):  
Sarah Stephan
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
United Nations ◽  
International Standards ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Council Of Europe ◽  
The United Nations

This chapter shall focus broadly on the most relevant international developments with a thematic focus on participation, citizenship and transfrontier exchanges in 2015, covering the activities of those international bodies seized to promote relevant international standards and to monitor progress under the auspices the United Nations, the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, the Council of Europe and the European Union respectively. The temporal scope of this chapter includes activities that either took place in or were first documented in 2015. The chapter aims to capture key developments and trends.

scholarly journals Internationalization of Universities: 70 Years of Experience

2021 ◽  
pp. 113-118
Author(s):  
Vladimir Filippov
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
European Union ◽  
United Nations ◽  
Second World War ◽  
The European Union ◽  
World War ◽  
Council Of Europe ◽  
International Policies ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Second World

AbstractThe creation of the IAU 70 years ago was one of the consequences of evolving international life following the Second World War. This featured the evolution of organizations such as the United Nations, UNESCO, the Council of Europe and the European Union. In higher education, new international policies led to the internationalization of universities (Altbach, 2010). From the beginning, the IAU became one of the international platforms where universities exchanged experiences and built relations. In the acting strategy of IAU adopted in 2016, internationalization is one of the four priorities.

The issue(s) of minorities in the European peace and security context1

1995 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 283-299
Author(s):  
Snežana Trifunovska
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
European Union ◽  
United Nations ◽  
Annual Meeting ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Council Of Europe ◽  
Academic Council ◽  
Peace And Security ◽  
Security Context ◽  
The United Nations

AbstractThis article gives a short analysis of the protection of minorities in the European peace and security context. Starting from a brief description of the complex minority situation in Europe, the author deals with the existing legally and non-legally binding documents adopted by the European organizations, OSCE, Council of Europe and the European Union, relevant for protection of minorities, as well as with the available mechanisms which can be used in the situations in which the position of minorities can affect peace and security. The purpose of the author is to determine whether the existing documents and mechanisms are sufficient for protection of minorities and preservation of peace and security. The paper was presented at the Eight Annual Meeting of the Academic Council on the United Nations Systems, held in New York on 19-21 June 1995.

Participation, Citizenship and Transfrontier Exchanges—2017

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 98-121
Author(s):  
Anna Barlow
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
United Nations ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Council Of Europe ◽  
The United Nations

This article provides an update on the protection of minorities in Europe during 2017, in the areas of participation, citizenship and transfrontier exchanges. It will summarize developments at the United Nations level as well as regional information from the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE), the Council of Europe (CoE) and the European Union (EU) and identify trends.

scholarly journals ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AS FUNDAMENTAL RIGHT GUARANTEED TO THE EUROPEAN LEVEL

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 121-130
Author(s):  
Alina Gentimir
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Human Rights ◽  
Environmental Protection ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Fundamental Rights ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Council Of Europe ◽  
Healthy Environment ◽  
Right To Information ◽  
The Right

The article examines, in a comparative perspective, both legal framework of the European Union and Council of Europe and case law of the Court of Justice of European Union and European Court of Human Rights in order to highlight superior level of the right to a healthy environment European protection. The multitude of concepts related to the environmental protection and their connections require compulsory conceptual delimitations. As other international and regional organizations, the European Union expresses interest in environmental protection, consecrating to it numerous legal instruments, the most relevant of these, in terms of human rights, being the Charter of Fundamental Rights, in which (Article 37) is provided expressly that environmental protection is a fundamental right, unlike the Council of Europe where this right is recognized only as an indirect right. Affiliation of this right to a certain category of rights – global rights, solidarity rights or individual or collective rights – has been a source of both doctrinal and jurisprudential disputes. Genuine interdependence with other fundamental rights such as the right to life, the right to private and family life, right to property and right to information ensues from the substance of the right to protection of the environment. The presentation of the principles which outline the content of the right in discussion emphasizes that the Charter text was drafted in accordance with the latest developments in the field of normative and jurisprudential environment established at international, regional and national levels, respectively, in interaction with the principle of sustainable development. Finally, an analysis of the most frequent modalities of environmental degradation contributes to find proper mechanisms for a better guarantee of the respect of environmental protection as a fundamental right.

Participation, Citizenship and Transfrontier Exchanges—2016

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (01) ◽  
pp. 90-112
Author(s):  
Sarah Stephan
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
United Nations ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Council Of Europe ◽  
The United Nations

This article provides an overview of the international developments in 2016 that took place under the auspices of the United Nations (UN), the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE), the Council of Europe (CoE), and the European Union (EU), with a thematic focus on participation, citizenship and transfrontier exchanges. It aims to capture some of the key developments and trends during this period.

scholarly journals DOMESTIC VIOLENCE IN EUROPEAN LEGAL DOCUMENTS

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 647-652
Author(s):  
Libor Klimek
Keyword(s):  
Domestic Violence ◽  
European Union ◽  
Violence Against Women ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Council Of Europe ◽  
Legal Documents ◽  
Protection Orders ◽  
Victims Of Crime ◽  
Protection Order

This contribution deals with European legal documents in the context of domestic violence. It focuses on the most crucial contemporary documents containing requirements addressed to European States. It analyses documents of the European Union and the Council of Europe. It is divided into three sections. The first section introduces the European Union Directive 2012/29/EU on victims of crime (Directive 2012/29/EU establishing the minimum standards on the rights, support and protection of victims of crime), the second section analyses the Directive 2011/99/EU on the European protection order, and the third section briefly focuses on the Council of Europe convention on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence (Istanbul convention). Many problems occurred. The legal framework exists, but the needs of each victim should be assessed individually. As regards the Directive on victims of crime, no government is willing to monitor it. As regards the European protection order, only a few such protection orders have been applied.

International Obligations and The Human Rights Act

2021 ◽  
pp. 260-288
Author(s):  
Peter Reading
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Human Rights ◽  
United Nations ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Human Rights Law ◽  
Council Of Europe ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Human Rights Act ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Eu

This chapter explains how the Equality Act 2010 has a direct relationship with the UK’s international human rights obligations at regional and global levels in the European Union (EU), the Council of Europe, and the United Nations (UN). It is thus vital to the understanding, interpretation, and application of the Act to appreciate how it interacts with: EU equality and human rights law, before and after the UK ceasing its membership of the European Union (Brexit); the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) and the Human Rights Act 1998 (HRA) which implements the ECHR; and the key United Nations Conventions which relate to issues of equality of particular groups. The UK’s membership of the EU ended on 31 January 2020. This will have a fundamental effect on the application of EU equality and human rights law to the Act. It should be noted, however, that the UK’s departure from the EU does not in any way affect its membership of the Council of Europe, or being a party to the ECHR. The ECHR has been implemented into the UK’s domestic law by the enactment of the HRA.

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